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EC number: 231-157-5 | CAS number: 7440-47-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Developmental toxicity / teratogenicity
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- Read across from trivalent chromium(III) chloride used to indicate possible effects caused by chromium. As chromium(III) chloride is more soluble than Cr metal, the results can be regarded as "worst case". Acceptable well-documented study report which meets basic scientific principles.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Embryotoxicity hazard assessment of methylmercury and chromium using embryonic stem cells.
- Author:
- Stummann T.C, Hareng L. and S. Bremer
- Year:
- 2 007
- Bibliographic source:
- Toxicology 242, 130-143
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The Embryonic Stem Cell Test (EST), has been endorsed as a scientifically validated in vitro method for detecting embryotoxicity by ECVAM (European Centre for the the validation of alternative methods).
The EST includes a prediction model based on three endpoints: cytotoxicity assays with mouse embryonic stem cells (ES) and 3T3 fibroblasts, and an ES cell cardiac differentiation inhibition assay. - GLP compliance:
- no
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Reference substance 001
- Cas Number:
- 10060-12-5
- Molecular formula:
- CrCl3.6H20
- Reference substance name:
- Chromium trichloride hexahydrate
- IUPAC Name:
- Chromium trichloride hexahydrate
- Details on test material:
- Chromium trichloride hexahydrate (CrIII)
Purity 99.998%
Manufacturer Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA.
No other data available.
Constituent 1
Constituent 2
Test animals
- Species:
- other: Mouse ES cell line
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- Mouse ES cell line D3, fibroblasts of mouse Balb/3T3 clone A31 cell line. Both obtained from ATCC, USA.
ES cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagles Medium (Invitrogen, San Giuliano Milanese, Italy), complemented with 20% heat inactivated foetal bovine serum (Cambrex, BG Caravaggio, Italy), 2 mM glutamine (Invitrogen), 50 U/ml penicillin and 50 µg/ml streptomycin (Invitrogen), 1% non-essential amino acids (Invitrogen), 0.1 mM B-mercaptoethanol and 0.01 µ/ml leukemia inhibitory factor (Antigenix America, Huntington Station, NY, USA).
3T3 fibroblast were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagles Medium (Invitrogen, San Giuliano Milanese, Italy), complemented with 10% heat inactivated foetal bovine serum (Cambrex, BG Caravaggio, Italy), 4 mM glutamine (Invitrogen), 50 U/ml penicillin and 50 µg/ml streptomycin (Invitrogen).
Cardiac and neuronal differentiation of ES cells was carried out by aggregating the cells and culturing under specific conditions (Spielmann and Scholz 2002, Okabe et al 1996). The number of embryoid bodies with contracting myocardial areas was determined microscopically. The neuronal differentiation was characterised by real-time PCR analysis of marker gene expression and immunohistochemistry.
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- other: in vitro into cell culture
- Details on exposure:
- The cells were continuously exposed to the test substance for 10 days. The medium containing the metal was renewed on days 3 and 5.
Cr(III) was dissolved at a concentration of 3.8x10exp-1 M in H2O and diluted 100x in medium in order to prepare the highest final concentration (3.8x10exp-3). All other final concentrations were prepared from stock dilution series based on 0.1 M C(rIII) stocks prepared in H2O. - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 10 days
- Frequency of treatment:
- Continuous in medium
- Duration of test:
- 10 days
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 6 samples per dose.
- Control animals:
- yes
- Details on study design:
- Cardiac differentiation of ES cells was carried out by aggregating the cells and culturing under specific conditions (Spielmann and Scholz 2002, Okabe et al 1996). The number of embryoid bodies with contracting myocardial areas was determined microscopically.
Examinations
- Statistics:
- Prism 4.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA) was used for data plotting, non-linear regression and statistical analysis.
Groups were compared using Student's unpaired t-test for two groups or one-way ANOVA analysis with Dunnett's multiple comparison post-test for more than two groups. p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Results and discussion
Results: maternal animals
Maternal developmental toxicity
- Details on maternal toxic effects:
- Maternal toxic effects:not examined
Effect levels (maternal animals)
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 1 other: mM
- Basis for effect level:
- other: other:
Results (fetuses)
- Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
- Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:no effects
Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
Cr(III) exhibited low cytotoxic effects on ES cells and 3T3 fibroblasts. Only the highest concentration (3.16 mM for ES and 1 and 3.16 mM for 3T3 cells) showed a statistically significantly inhibited MTT reduction (p<0.01). In line with this, only the highest Cr(III) concentration 3.16 mM suppressed the occurrence of embryoid bodies with beating activity.
Fetal abnormalities
- Abnormalities:
- not specified
Overall developmental toxicity
- Developmental effects observed:
- not specified
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- The embryonic stem cell test (EST) classified trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) as non-embryotoxic.
- Executive summary:
The Embryonic Stem Cell Test (EST), has been endorsed as a scientifically validated in vitro method for detecting embryotoxicity by ECVAM (European Centre for the validation of alternative methods).
The EST includes a prediction model based on three endpoints: cytotoxicity assays with mouse embryonic stem cells (ES) and 3T3 fibroblasts, and an ES cell cardiac differentiation inhibition assay.The Embryonic Stem Cell Test (EST) was used for detecting embryotoxicity caused by trivalent chromium. The results showed that the cytotoxic effect was not higher in ES cells than in 3T3 fibroblasts, and thus the prediction model classified Cr(III) as non-embryotoxic.
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