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Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.
The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 215-559-8 | CAS number: 1331-61-9
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicological Summary
- Administrative data
- Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
- Workers - Hazard via dermal route
- Workers - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - workers
- General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
- General Population - Hazard via dermal route
- General Population - Hazard via oral route
- General Population - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - General Population
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 10 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 25
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- LOAEL
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 83.17 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
An inhalation DNEL was derived with a route-to route extrapolation, based on the chosen oral NOAEL from other salts.
A LOAEL of 145 mg/kg/day was chosen from the 9 month study
With AF 25, this equates to 5.8 mg/kg/day or 406 mg/day for 70 kg worker; with inhalation rate 10 m3/shift = 40.6 mm/m3
Limit set at 10 mg/m3 for safe working practice
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- no other uncertainties
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 2
- Justification:
- subchronic to chronic
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- incorporated in the calculation of the corrected inhalation NOAEC
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- toxicokinetic/toxicodynamic differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- DNEL derived for workers
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- the database is complete
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 2.9 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 50
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- LOAEL
- Value:
- 145 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
No dermal repeated-dose toxicity study is available. A route-to-route extrapolation from the oral LOAEL oral was chosen for the derivation of the dermal DNEL with a 50% adsorption rate.
The LOAEL for 9 months oral was 145 mg/kg/day = 2.9 mg/kg/day dermal
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 0.5
- Justification:
- no other uncertainties
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 2
- Justification:
- sub-chronic to chronic
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- rat to humans
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- toxicokinetic/toxicodynamic differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- DNEL for workers
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- the database is sufficient
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- skin irritation/corrosion
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- skin irritation/corrosion
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
Additional information - workers
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.82 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 50
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 83.17 mg/m³
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- no other uncertainties
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 2
- Justification:
- subchronic to chronic
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- incorporated in the corrected inhalation NOAEC
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- toxicokinetic/toxicodynamic differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- DNEL for the general population
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- the database is sufficient
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.47 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 200
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
No dermal repeated-dose toxicity study is available. A route-to-route extrapolation from the oral NOAEL was chosen for the derivation of the dermal DNEL.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- no other uncertainties
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- subchronic to chronic
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- rat to humans
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2
- Justification:
- toxicokinetic/toxicodynamic differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- DNEL for general population
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- the data base is sufficient
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- skin irritation/corrosion
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- skin irritation/corrosion
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.47 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 200
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 94 mg/kg bw/day
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- no other uncertainties
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 2
- Justification:
- subchronic to chronic
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- rat to humans
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- toxicokinetic/toxicodynamic differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- DNEL for general population
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- the data base is sufficient
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
Additional information - General Population
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.