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EC number: 231-442-4 | CAS number: 7553-56-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to microorganisms
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- activated sludge respiration inhibition testing
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- From 2010-08-05 to 2010-08-19
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 209 (Activated Sludge, Respiration Inhibition Test
- Version / remarks:
- adopted April 4, 1984
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Description: Bluish-black prills with metallic luster
Batch: 182827052
Purity: 99.8%
Test substance storage: At room temperature in the dark
Expiry date: 29 December 2010 - Analytical monitoring:
- not required
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- First experiment was conducted at 0.010, 0.032, 0.10, 0.32, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 mg/L. The concentrations at and below 1 mg/L were prepared using a stock solution. The stock solution was prepared by adding 5.08 mg test substance to 1000 mL of Milli-RO water (tap water purified by reverse osmosis). Ultrasonic dispersion and thorough mixing (34 minutes) was used to accelerate dissolution and to ensure homogeneity. An amount of synthetic sewage feed (16 mL), activated sludge (200 mL) and an adequate amount of the test substance stock were mixed and made up to 500 mL with Milli-RO water in a 1-litre bottle.
Due to the low water solubility of lodine, the use of a stock solution was not possible for the three highest concentrations. These concentrations were prepared separately in Milli-RO water. 1-Litre test bottles were filled with 250 mL of test substance mixtures with initial loading rates of 20, 200 and 2000 mg/L, respectively. The mixtures were stirred in closed dark brown glass bottles for 26-26.5 hours. Subsequently, 16 mL synthetic sewage feed, 200 mL sludge and Milli-RO water up to 500 mL were added resulting in loading rates of 10, 100 and 1000 mg/L.
Since significant inhibition was found at a loading rate of 1000 mg/L, a second experiment was performed with loading rates from 100 to 1000 mg/L, forming a geometric progression with a factor 1.8. In this experiment all concentrations were prepared separately in Milli-RO water. 1-Litre test bottles were filled with 250 mL of test substance mixtures with initial loading rates of 200, 360, 640, 1120 and 2000 mg/L, respectively. The mixtures were stirred in closed dark brown glass bottles for 25-26 hours. Subsequently, 16 mL synthetic sewage feed, 200 mL sludge and Milli-RO water up to 500 mL were added resulting in the required loading rates.
Optimal contact between the test substance and test medium was ensured applying continuous aeration and stirring during the 3-hour exposure period. - Test organisms (species):
- activated sludge of a predominantly domestic sewage
- Details on inoculum:
- The test system was micro-organisms in activated sludge. The source of the test organisms is activated sludge that has been freshly obtained from a municipal sewage treatment plant (Waterschap Aa en Maas', 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands), receiving predominantly domestic sewage.
In terms of preparation of the sludge, this was coarsely sieved, washed and diluted with ISO-medium. A small amount of the sludge was weighed and dried overnight at ca. 105°C to determine the amount of suspended solids (3.6 and 3.7 g/L of sludge, as used in experiment 1 and 2, respectively). The pH was 8.2 and 7.6 on the day of testing in experiment 1 and 2, respectively. The batch of sludge was used one day after collection; therefore 50 mL of synthetic sewage feed was added per litre of activated sludge at the end of the collection day. The sludge was kept aerated at test temperature until use.
The composition of the medium (Adjusted ISO medium), formulated using tap-water purified by reverse osmosis is as follows:
CaCl2.2H2O 211.5 mg/L
MgSO4.7H2O 88.8 mg/L
NaHCO3 46.7 mg/L
KCl 4.2 mg/L - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 3 h
- Remarks on exposure duration:
- As iodine is known as a water disinfectant, the test was initiated applying a 3 hour contact time. Aeration and stirring took place during the contact time.
- Test temperature:
- The temperature of the test medium was between 18.1 and 19.1°C and between 18.4 and 18.9°C in experiment 1 and 2, respectively.
- pH:
- Experiment 1: 8.3-8.7
Experiment 2: 6.7-8.0 - Dissolved oxygen:
- Experiment 1: 7.3-8.9 mg O2/L at the start
Experiment 2: 7.8-9.3 mg O2/L at the start - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Experiment 1: 0.010, 0.032, 0.10, 0.32, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 mg/L (loading rate)
Experiment 2: 100, 180, 320, 560, 1000 mg/L (loading rate) - Details on test conditions:
- - Contact time: 3 hours, during which aeration and stirring took place.
- Vessels: AII glass, approximately 300 mL oxygen bottles and 1-litre test bottles.
- Air supply: Clean. oil-free air.
- Performance of the test:
In case of the use of a stock solution: the synthetic sewage feed (16 mL), activated sludge (200 mL) and an adequate amount of the test substance stock were mixed and made up to 500 mL with Milli-RO water in a 1-litre bottle.
In case of testing loading rates: following the overnight stirring period, the synthetic sewage feed (16 mL) and the activated sludge (200 mL) were added to the test substance mixture. MiIIi-RO water was added to provide a final volume of 500 mL with a final test substance loading of 100 mg/L. The mixture was aerated during the contact time, using a pipette as an aeration device.
After the 3-hour contact time, a well mixed sample of the content was poured into a 300 mL oxygen bottle, and the flask was sealed with an oxygen electrode connected to a recorder, forcing the air out of the vessel. Oxygen consumption was measured and recorded for approximately 10 minutes. During measurement, the sample was not aerated but continuously stirred on a magnetic stirrer. The pH and temperature were determined in the remaining part of the reaction mixture.
This procedure was repeated for all concentrations of the test substance. Two controls without test substance were tested in each test series, one at the start and one at the end. - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- The batch of activated sludge was checked for sensitivity by using the reference substance 3,5-dichlorophenol (CAS Number: 591-35-5).
- Duration:
- 3 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 280 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- inhibition of total respiration
- Remarks:
- respiration rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% CI - 120-670 mg/L
- Duration:
- 3 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 110 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- inhibition of total respiration
- Remarks:
- respiration rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% CI - 40-290 mg/L
- Duration:
- 3 h
- Dose descriptor:
- other: EC80
- Effect conc.:
- 570 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- inhibition of total respiration
- Remarks:
- respiration rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% CI: 230-1430 mg/L
- Details on results:
- The test met acceptability criteria in that:
1. The difference between the controls was within 15% of each other.
2. The EC50 of 3,5-dichlorophenol was in the accepted range of 5-30 mg/L (10.8 and 9.8 mg/L in experiment 1 and 2, respectively).
In the first experiment no significant inhibition of respiration rate of the sludge was recorded at and below 100 mg/L, whereas 92% inhibition was recorded at a loading rate of 1000 mg/L. In the second experiment the inhibitory effect of Iodine on aerobic waste water (activated sludge) bacteria increased with increasing concentration, ranging from a 12% inhibition at a loading rate of 100 mg/L to 98% inhibition at a loading rate of 1000 mg/L. The calculated percentages inhibition allowed for a reliable determination of EC-values.
The respiration rate from each vessel, in mg O2/L/hour was calculated from the linear part of the respiration curve. The inhibitory effect (percentage inhibition) was calculated. The percentage inhibition was plotted against the logarithm of the calculations. The EC50 was determined using linear regression analysis and was expressed as 95% confidence limits. - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- The EC50 of 3,5-dichlorophenol was in the accepted range of 5-30 mg/L (10.8 and 9.8 mg/L in experiment 1 and 2, respectively).
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- The EC10 for test item (3 hours contact time) is 110 mg/L and the EC50 (3 hours contact time) is 280 mg/L.
- Executive summary:
This study investigated the ability of test item to adversely affect aerobic microbial treatment plants. The source of test organisms is activated sludge freshly obtained from a municipal sewage treatment plant receiving predominanty domestic sewage. As this study was conducted to OECD Guideline 209: Activated Sludge, Respiration Inhibition Test this is considered to meet the Klimisch reliability criteria of 1 - reliable without restriction. The EC10 for test item (3 hours contact time) is 110 mg/L and the EC50 (3 hours contact time) is 280 mg/L.
Reference
Description of key information
The EC10 for test item (3 hours contact time) is 110 mg/L and the EC50 (3 hours contact time) is 280 mg/L.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- EC50 for microorganisms:
- 280 mg/L
- EC10 or NOEC for microorganisms:
- 110 mg/L
Additional information
This study investigated the ability of test item to adversely affect aerobic microbial treatment plants. The source of test organisms is activated sludge freshly obtained from a municipal sewage treatment plant receiving predominanty domestic sewage. As this study was conducted to OECD Guideline 209: Activated Sludge, Respiration Inhibition Test this is considered to meet the Klimisch reliability criteria of 1 - reliable without restriction. The EC10 for test item (3 hours contact time) is 110 mg/L and the EC50 (3 hours contact time) is 280 mg/L
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