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EC number: 234-614-7 | CAS number: 12016-80-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Skin irritation / corrosion
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- skin irritation: in vitro / ex vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2010-07-28 to 2010-08-02
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 010
- Report date:
- 2010
Materials and methods
Test guidelineopen allclose all
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 439 (In Vitro Skin Irritation: Reconstructed Human Epidermis Test Method)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: ECVAM international validation study on in vitro tests for acute skin irritation (Altern Lab Anim. 2007 Dec; 35 (6):559-601)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method B.46 (In Vitro Skin Irritation: Reconstructed Human Epidermis Model Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Remarks:
- signed 2009-03-30
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Cobalt hydroxide oxide
- EC Number:
- 234-614-7
- EC Name:
- Cobalt hydroxide oxide
- Cas Number:
- 12016-80-7
- Molecular formula:
- CoHO2
- IUPAC Name:
- cobaltoylol
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Cobalt oxyhydroxide
- Producer: Queensland Nickel Pty Ltd, Greenvale Street, Yabulu, Queensland 4818, Australia
- Physical state: Solid
- Storage condition of test material: At room temperature
- Tap density: 1.9 g/cm^3
No further information on the test material was stated.
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- Not applicable - Since this is an in vitro study there is no information on test animals.
Test system
- Vehicle:
- water
- Amount / concentration applied:
- TEST MATERIAL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): Approx. 10 mg of the test item were applied to each of triplicate tissues, spread to match the tissue size, and wetted with 15 µL deionised water.
No further information on the amount/concentration was stated. - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 15 minutes
- Observation period:
- not applicable
- Number of animals:
- not applicable
- Details on study design:
- CELL CULTURE:
EpiSkin™ kit (Lot No.: 10-EKIN-028) was purchased from Skinethic Laboratories (06000 Nice, France). The EpiSkin™ tissue consists of normal, human-derived epidermal keratinocytes which have been cultured to form a multilayered, highly differentiated model of the human epidermis. It consists of organized basal, spinous and granular layers, and a multi-layered stratum corneum containing intercellular lamellar lipid layers arranged in patterns analogous to those found in vivo. The EpiSkin™ tissues (surface 0.38 cm²) are cultured on specially prepared cell culture inserts.
The RhE (Reconstructed human Epidermis) model supplier ensured and demonstrated that each batch of the RhE model used met defined production release criteria, e.g. viability, barrier function, no bacterial and mycoplasma contamination and histological scoring.
TREATMENT:
The negative control (deionised water (Lot no. 230710, produced in-house); Volume 10 µL) and positive control (5% SLS (Sodium lauryl sulphate, lot no. 1353471 51508322, Fluka, Sigma-Aldrich, 89555 Steinheim, Germany) solution in deionised water, prepared freshly prior to the performance of the experiment; Volume 10 µL), and the test item were added into the insert atop the concerning EpiSkin™ triplicate tissues each. The 12-well plates were placed into the incubator for 15 min at 37 ± 1.5 °C, 5 ± 0.5% CO2.
After the end of the treatment interval the inserts were removed immediately from the 12-well plate. Using a wash bottle the tissues were gently rinsed with PBS to remove any residual test material. Excess PBS was removed by gently shaking the inserts and blotting the bottom with blotting paper. The inserts were placed in the plates with 2 mL maintenance medium. The tissues were incubated for about 42 hours at 37 ± 1.5 °C, 5 ± 0.5% CO2.
CELL VIABILITY TEST:
Cell viability is measured by dehydrogenase conversion of MTT [(3-4,5-dimethyl thiazole 2-yl) 2,5-diphenyl-tetrazoliumbromide], in cell mitochondria, into a blue formazan salt that is quantitatively measured after extraction from tissues (Faller, C., Bracher, M., Dami, N., Roguet, R., 2002. Predictive ability of reconstructed human epidermis equivalents for assessment of skin irritation of cosmetics. Toxicology in vitro 16 (5), 557-552). The percent reduction of cell viability in comparison of untreated negative controls is used to predict skin irritation potential (see OECD TG 439) and is used for the purpose of classification as irritating or non-irritating according to chemicals law (EU CLP, UN GHS).
After the treatment procedure was completed for all tissues of each time point cell culture inserts were transferred from the holding plates to plates filled with 2 mL assay medium containing 0.3 mg/mL MTT per well. After a 3 hour incubation period (37 ± 1.5 °C, 5 ± 0.5% CO2) MTT solution was aspirated from the wells and the wells were rinsed three times with PBS. Tissue samples were cut out of the inserts with a biopsy punch and transferred into plastic vials. The tissue samples were immersed into extractant solution by gently pipetting 0.5 mL extractant solution (isopropanol) into each vial. The tissue samples were completely covered by isopropanol. The vials were sealed to inhibit isopropanol evaporation. The formazan salt was extracted about 67 hours in the refrigerator.
Per each tissue sample 2 x 200 µL aliquots of the blue formazan solution were transferred into a 96-well flat bottom microtiter plate. OD was read in a microplate reader (Versamax® Molecular Devices, 85737 Ismaning, Germany) at 570 nm without reference filter. Mean values were calculated from the 2 wells per tissue sample.
EVALUATION OF RESULTS:
The mean OD of the three negative control tissues was calculated. This value corresponds to 100% tissue viability in the current test. For each individual tissue treated with the test item or the positive control the individual relative tissue viability is calculated according to the following formula:
Relative viability (%) = [OD test item/ OD negative control] X 100
For the test item and the positive control the mean relative viability +/- standard deviation of the three individual tissues are calculated and used for classification according to the following prediction model:
For the current test, an irritation potential of a test item according to EU classification R38 (according to directive 67/548/EEC), H315 (according to regulation (EC) 1272/2008) is recommended if the mean relative tissue viability of three individual tissues is reduced below 50% of the negative control.
ACCEPTABILITY OF THE ASSAY:
The absolute OD 570 nm of the negative control tissues in the MTT test is an indicator of tissue viability obtained after the shipping and storing procedure and under specific conditions of the assay. Tissue viability is meeting the acceptance criterion if the mean OD of the three tissues is ≥ 0.6 till ≤ 1.5.
The standard deviations in between tissues of the same treatment group should be ≤ 18%.
An assay is meeting the acceptance criterion if mean relative tissue viability of the positive control is ≤ 40%.
TEST FOR DIRECT MTT REDUCTION:
It was necessary to assess the ability of the test item to directly reduce MTT. To test for this ability approximately 25 mg of the test item were added to 1 mL of MTT solution and the mixture was incubated in the dark at room temperature for 60 minutes. Untreated MTT medium was used as control. If the MTT solution colour turned blue/purple, the test item was presumed to have reduced the MTT.
No colour change could be observed in the present study.
No further information on the study design was stated.
Results and discussion
In vitro
Results
- Irritation / corrosion parameter:
- % tissue viability
- Value:
- 87.6
- Vehicle controls validity:
- not examined
- Negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Remarks on result:
- no indication of irritation
- Other effects / acceptance of results:
- After treatment with the test item cobalt oxyhydroxide the relative absorbance values decreased to 87.6%. This value is well above the threshold for irritancy of ≤ 50%. Therefore, the test item is not considered to possess an irritant potential.
- After treatment with the negative control the absorbance values were well above the required acceptability criterion of mean OD ≥ 0.6 till≤1.5 for the15 minutes treatment interval thus showing the quality of the tissues.
- Treatment with the positive control induced a decrease in the relative absorbance as compared to the negative control to 39.7%. The value is slightly out of the range of the historical control data (3-34%). However, since a markedly reduction in the relative absorbance compared to the negative control cultures could be observed, the positive control is considered valid. The deviation is considered as biological variation with no detrimental effect on the validity.
- The standard deviations between the % variabilities of the test item, the positive and negative controls were below 10% (threshold of the "OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals 439: In vitro Skin Irritation: Reconstructed Human Epidermis Test Method": 18%), thus ensuring the validity of the study.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Results after treatment with cobalt oxyhydroxide
Dose group |
Treat-ment Interval |
Absor-bance 570 nm |
Absor-bance 570 nm |
Absor-bance 570 nm |
Mean Absor-bance of 3 Tissues |
Absorbance [%] Tissue 1, 2 + 3 |
Standard Deviation [%] |
Rel. Absorbance [% of Negative Control] |
Negative Control |
15 min |
0.924 |
0.801 |
0.775 |
0.834 |
110.8 |
9.5 |
100.0 |
Positive Control |
15 min |
0.683 |
0.326 |
0.280 |
0.331 |
46.6 |
6.5 |
39.7* |
Test Item |
15 min |
0.774 |
0.683 |
0.732 |
0.730 |
92.9 |
5.5 |
87.6 |
*The viability is out of the historical range; nevertheless, since the positive control met the laboratories internal acceptance criteria (viability of ≤ 40%) and since it showed a positive effect, it can still be considered as valid.
Optical evaluation of the MTT-reducing capacity of the test item after 1 hour incubation with MTT-reagent did not show blue colour.
Historical data:
Positive Control |
Negative Control |
||
Number of Studies |
85 |
Number of Studies |
85 |
Period |
July 2007 – June 2010 |
Period |
July 2007 – June 2010 |
Mean Viability |
17.8% |
Mean OD |
1.051 |
Standard Deviation |
10.7% |
Standard Deviation |
0.185 |
Range of Viabilities |
3% - 34% |
Range of ODs |
0.7 – 1.5 |
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Interpretation of results:
- GHS criteria not met
- Conclusions:
- The test item cobalt oxyhydroxide is not irritating to the skin and therefore, the test item should not be classified and labelled as skin irritant according to Regulation (EC) No.: 1272/2008.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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