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EC number: 205-861-8 | CAS number: 156-62-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Epidemiological data
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- epidemiological data
- Type of information:
- other: review
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2007
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- data from handbook or collection of data
- Remarks:
- MAK value documentation
Cross-reference
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
Reference
- Endpoint:
- sensitisation data (humans)
- Type of information:
- other: review
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2007
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- data from handbook or collection of data
- Remarks:
- MAK value documentation
- Type of sensitisation studied:
- respiratory
- skin
- Study type:
- survey
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Exposure of humans in calcium cyanamide production plant.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Different test substances in the review taken into consideration
- Type of population:
- occupational
- Ethical approval:
- not applicable
- Subjects:
- - Number of subjects exposed: 65 workers in health study 1 and 62 workers in health study 2
- age: In health study 1, workers were between 33 and 65 years of age; for health study 2, the age of the workers is not stated.
- Other: The total duration of employment in the calcium cyanamide production plant was between 5 and 41 years in health study 1. - Clinical history:
- No data on clinical history are provided in the review.
- Controls:
- No data
- Route of administration:
- other: inhalation and dermal exposure was investigated
- Details on study design:
- SKIN SENSITIZATION
- Finn chamber test (health study 2): A standard test plaster was soaked with 0.1 mL of 0.5% aqueous solution of calcium cyanamide and was applied to the skin of the workers for 24 hours. The skin was examined after 24.5, 48 and 72 hours. Control test sites were treated at distilled water. Workers were divided in two groups: persons of group 1 were mainly engaged in direct production and persons of group 2 had various workplaces. Both groups participated in extensive medical check-ups.
RESPIRATORY SENSITIZATION
- Health study 1: The health status of the workers was established by means of extensive physical and clinicochemical examinations. Workers were divided in three groups for the examination: calcium cyanamide workplace concentration > 2.5 mg/m3 (n = 18), 1 - 2.5 mg/m3 (n = 24) and < 1 mg/m3 (n = 23) - Results of examinations:
- Health study 1:
The study did not provide evidence of adverse effects on health or disorders caused by calcium cyanamide in relation to exposure (workplace concentration between 0.23 and 8.36 mg/m3). Nor was a decrease in glutathione level in whole blood detected. Among 22 workers who had ingested alcohol 1 to 7 hours after work, there was a moderate alcohol intolerance reaction in 6 cases and a weak intolerance reaction in 7 cases. No relation was found between the effect of calcium cyanamide or the specific group and the intensity of the reaction.
Health study 2:
Exposure of the plant workers (group 1) was estimated via contamination of the hands (determination of cyanamide in the hand washing water) and persons of group 2 (various workplaces) were examined for excretion of acetylcyanamide in urine. The plant workers revealed more or less pronounced contamination of their hands (0.2 - 139.7 mg cyanamide per 2 hands). From this, absorption of cyanamide can be concluded. The acetylcyanamide concentrations found in the urine of the persons of group 2 were between a few milligrams and the detection limit. There were no differences in health status of either group, nor were there any contact allergies detected in the Finn chamber test.
- Conclusions:
- Except for alcohol intolerance no adverse effects on health were observed among workers in a calcium cyanamide production plant. The current MAK value of 1mg/m3 (established in 1979) is not changed. No evidence for sensitization is provided in the human health studies. Therefore, calcium cyanamide is not designated with "Sa" or "Sh".
- Executive summary:
Two health studies are summarized in the MAK value documentation on calcium cyanamide.
In the first study, the health status of 65 workers of a calcium cyanamide production plant who were between 33 and 65 years old and had been working in the plant between 5 and 41 years, was determined by extensive physical and clinicochemical examination. The analytically determined calcium cyanamide workplace concentration was 0.23 - 8.36 mg/m3 and the cohort was divided in three groups according to the workplace concentration: > 2.5 mg/m3 (group 1), 1 - 2.5 mg/m3 (group 2) and < 1 mg/m3 (group 3). The study did not provide evidence of adverse effects on health or disorders caused by calcium cyanamide in relation to exposure, nor was a decrease in glutathione level in whole blood detected. Among 22 workers who had ingested alcohol 1 to 7 hours after work, there was a moderate alcohol intolerance reaction in 6 cases and a weak intolerance reaction in 7 cases. No relation was found between the effect of calcium cyanamide or the specific group and the intensity of the reaction.
In the second occupational health study, two cohorts from a calcium cyanamide production plant were examined. The persons of group 1 were mainly engaged in direct production and persons of group 2 had various workplaces. Both groups participated in extensive medical check-ups. One point of focus was the question of allergic properties of cyanamide, which was examined by Finn chamber test. Exposure of the plant workers was estimated via contamination of the hands (determination of cyanamide in the hand washing water) and persons of group 2 (various workplaces) were examined for excretion of acetylcyanamide in urine. The plant workers revealed more or less pronounced contamination of their hands (0.2 - 139.7 mg cyanamide per 2 hands). From this, absorption of cyanamide can be concluded. The acetylcyanamide concentrations found in the urine of the persons of group 2 were between a few milligrams and the detection limit. There were no differences in health status of either group, nor were there any contact allergies detected in the Finn chamber test.
In both studies, neither respiratory sensitization nor skin sensitizing properties of calcium cyanamide were detected. Consequently, human evidence support, that Kalkstickstoff has not to be classified with regard to respiratory sensitisation.
no remarks
Data source
Referenceopen allclose all
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 007
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Felduntersuchung von Personen mit langjähriger Exposition gegenüber Kalkstickstoff (Field study of workers with long-term exposure to calcium cyanamide)
- Author:
- Schiele R. et al.
- Year:
- 1 981
- Bibliographic source:
- Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenk Infektionskr Hyg, Abt 1, Orig, Reihe B 173: 13–28
Materials and methods
- Study type:
- cohort study (retrospective)
- Endpoint addressed:
- repeated dose toxicity: inhalation
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- - Principle of test: Occupational health study with 65 workers who were exposed to calcium cyanamide
- Short description of test conditions: Exposure of 65 workers of a calcium cyanamide (nitrolime) production plant were investigated in an occupational health study. Workplace concentrations of calcium cyanamide were analytically determined, and the cohort of workers were divided and assessed in groups based on the calcium cyanamide workplace concentrations.
- Parameters analysed / observed: The health status of the workers was established by means of a detailed questionnaire on anamnesis and via extensive physical and clinicochemical examinations. - GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Calcium cyanamide
- EC Number:
- 205-861-8
- EC Name:
- Calcium cyanamide
- Cas Number:
- 156-62-7
- Molecular formula:
- CN2.Ca
- IUPAC Name:
- calcium cyanoazanediide
- Reference substance name:
- Calcium oxide
- EC Number:
- 215-138-9
- EC Name:
- Calcium oxide
- Cas Number:
- 1305-78-8
- Molecular formula:
- CaO
- IUPAC Name:
- oxocalcium
- Reference substance name:
- Carbon
- EC Number:
- 231-153-3
- EC Name:
- Carbon
- Cas Number:
- 7440-44-0
- Molecular formula:
- C
- IUPAC Name:
- carbon
- Reference substance name:
- Hematite (Fe2O3)
- EC Number:
- 215-275-4
- EC Name:
- Hematite (Fe2O3)
- Cas Number:
- 1317-60-8
- Molecular formula:
- Fe2O3
- IUPAC Name:
- diiron oxide
- Reference substance name:
- Urea
- EC Number:
- 200-315-5
- EC Name:
- Urea
- Cas Number:
- 57-13-6
- Molecular formula:
- CH4N2O
- IUPAC Name:
- urea
- Reference substance name:
- Silicon dioxide
- EC Number:
- 231-545-4
- EC Name:
- Silicon dioxide
- Cas Number:
- 7631-86-9
- Molecular formula:
- O2Si
- IUPAC Name:
- dioxosilane
- Reference substance name:
- Trisilicon tetranitride
- EC Number:
- 234-796-8
- EC Name:
- Trisilicon tetranitride
- Cas Number:
- 12033-89-5
- Molecular formula:
- N4Si3
- IUPAC Name:
- trisilicon tetranitride
- Reference substance name:
- Calcium dihydroxide
- EC Number:
- 215-137-3
- EC Name:
- Calcium dihydroxide
- Cas Number:
- 1305-62-0
- Molecular formula:
- CaH2O2
- IUPAC Name:
- calcium dihydroxide
- Reference substance name:
- Aluminium oxide
- EC Number:
- 215-691-6
- EC Name:
- Aluminium oxide
- Cas Number:
- 1344-28-1
- Molecular formula:
- Al2O3
- IUPAC Name:
- aluminium oxide
- Reference substance name:
- Cyanoguanidine
- EC Number:
- 207-312-8
- EC Name:
- Cyanoguanidine
- Cas Number:
- 461-58-5
- Molecular formula:
- C2H4N4
- IUPAC Name:
- 2-cyanoguanidine
- Reference substance name:
- Calcium acetylide
- EC Number:
- 200-848-3
- EC Name:
- Calcium acetylide
- Cas Number:
- 75-20-7
- Molecular formula:
- C2Ca
- IUPAC Name:
- calcium ethynediide
- Reference substance name:
- unknown
- IUPAC Name:
- unknown
- Test material form:
- solid: particulate/powder
- Details on test material:
- Kalkstickstoff (calcium cyanamide, technical grade)
Constituent 1
impurity 1
impurity 2
impurity 3
impurity 4
impurity 5
impurity 6
impurity 7
impurity 8
impurity 9
impurity 10
impurity 11
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- - Name of the test material in the study: calcium cyanamide (nitrolime)
- Nitrolime consists of 60% calcium cyanamide, 15% calcium oxide, 10% free carbon and of calcium salts, silicates and aluminium, iron and magnesium oxides.
Method
- Type of population:
- occupational
- Ethical approval:
- not specified
- Details on study design:
- - Sixty-five workers of a calcium cyanamide (nitrolime) production plant (nitrolime consists of 60% calcium cyanamide, 15% calcium oxide, 10% free carbon and of calcium salts, silicates and aluminium, iron and magnesium oxides), who were between 33 and 65 years old (average of 47 years), were investigated in an occupational health study.
- The total duration of employment in the plant was between 5 and 41 years (average of 19 years).
- The analytically determined workplace concentrations of calcium cyanamide were in a range between 0.23 and 8.36 mg/m³.
- The cohort was divided into 3 groups for the examinations: calcium cyanamide workplace concentrations above 2.5 mg/m³ (n = 18), 1 to 2.5 mg/m³ (n = 24) and below 1 mg/m³ (n = 23).
- The health status of the workers was established by means of a detailed questionnaire on anamnesis and via extensive physical and clinicochemical examinations (e.g. measurement of glutathione level). - Exposure assessment:
- measured
- Remarks:
- analytically determined workplace concentrations
- Details on exposure:
- TYPE OF EXPOSURE: Inhalation
TYPE OF EXPOSURE MEASUREMENT: Area air sampling / Personal sampling / Exposure pads / Biomonitoring (urine) / Biomonitoring blood / other: not specified
EXPOSURE LEVELS: Range between 0.23 and 8.36 mg/m³
EXPOSURE PERIOD: 7.5 hours per shift; total duration of employment: between 5 and 41 years (average 19 years)
POSTEXPOSURE PERIOD: not specified
DESCRIPTION / DELINEATION OF EXPOSURE GROUPS / CATEGORIES: The cohort was divided into 3 groups for the examinations: calcium cyanamide workplace concentrations above 2.5 mg/m³ (n = 18), 1 to 2.5 mg/m³ (n = 24) and below 1 mg/m³ (n = 23). - Statistical methods:
- Not specified
Results and discussion
- Results:
- The study did not provide evidence of adverse effects on health or disorders caused by calcium cyanamide in relation to exposure. There was also no decrease of the glutathione level in whole blood detected. Among 22 workers from all 3 groups who had ingested alcohol 1 to 7 hours after work, there was a moderate alcohol intolerance reaction in 6 cases and a weak alcohol intolerance reaction in 7 cases. No relation was found between the effect of calcium cyanamide or the specific group and the intensity of the reaction.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- In this study, no adverse effects on health were observed among 65 workers in a calcium cyanamide production plant (workplace concentration range of 0.23 to 8.36 mg/m³). Weak to moderate alcohol intolerance is considered to be the main effect of calcium cyanamide of this study. The current MAK value for calcium cyanamide of 1 mg/m³ (established in 1979) remains unchanged.
- Executive summary:
In an occupational health study, summarised in the MAK value documentation on calcium cyanamide (2007), 65 workers of a calcium cyanamide (nitrolime) production plant (nitrolime consists of 60% calcium cyanamide, 15% calcium oxide, 10% free carbon and of calcium salts, silicates and aluminium, iron and magnesium oxides), who were between 33 and 65 years old (average of 47 years), were investigated in an occupational health study. All persons worked in a continuous alternating shift system with a shift of 7.5 hours. The total duration of employment in the plant was between 5 and 41 years (average of 19 years). The analytically determined workplace concentrations of calcium cyanamide were in a range between 0.23 and 8.36 mg/m³. The cohort was divided into 3 groups for the examinations: calcium cyanamide workplace concentrations above 2.5 mg/m³ (n = 18), 1 to 2.5 mg/m³ (n = 24) and below 1 mg/m³ (n = 23). The health status of the workers was established by means of a detailed questionnaire on anamnesis and via extensive physical and clinicochemical examinations.
The study did not provide evidence of adverse effects on health or disorders caused by calcium cyanamide in relation to exposure. There was also no decrease of the glutathione level in whole blood detected. Among 22 workers from all 3 groups who had ingested alcohol 1 to 7 hours after work, there was a moderate alcohol intolerance reaction in 6 cases and a weak alcohol intolerance reaction in 7 cases. No relation was found between the effect of calcium cyanamide or the specific group and the intensity of the reaction. The observed alcohol intolerance is considered to be the main effect of calcium cyanamide.
In this MAK value documentation, the current MAK value for calcium cyanamide of 1 mg/m³ has been published.
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