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EC number: 203-696-6 | CAS number: 109-69-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Effects on fertility
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- screening for reproductive / developmental toxicity
- Remarks:
- based on test type (migrated information)
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: GLP-guideline study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 421 (Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test)
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Remarks:
- Nihon Bioreseach Center Inc., Hashima Laboratory, Hashima, Japan
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River, Japan
- Age at study initiation: 8 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: females: ~230 g; males: ~340 g
- Housing: stainless steel and plastic cages
- Diet (ad libitum): solid pellets (CRF-1, Oriental Yeast Co. Ltd.)
- Water (ad libitum): tap water
- Acclimation period: 11 days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 20-24
- Humidity (%): 40-70
- Air changes (per hr): 12
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12 / 12 - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- corn oil
- Details on exposure:
- VEHICLE
- Concentration in vehicle: 0, 0.048, 0.24, 1.2, 6%
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): max. 5 mL/kg/bw
- Lot/batch no.: 5233 and 8250 - Details on mating procedure:
- Mating was performed in hanging stainless steel cages
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- Stability of test solutions were confirmed 1 and 3 hours after preparation of doses.
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- males: 49 days
females: 41-46 days (from 14 days before mating to day 3 of lactation) - Frequency of treatment:
- once daily
- Details on study schedule:
- - No mating of F1 generation (study design according to OECD Guideline 421, no mating of F1 generation foreseen)
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
0, 2.4, 12, 60, 300 mg/kg bw/d
Basis:
nominal conc. - No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 12
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale: Preliminary study with male rats was conducted. Dose levels: 0, 10, 30, 100, 300, 1000 mg/kg bw/d
Within 5 days all animals of the top dose died. Salivation was observed 3 days after treatment in group 300 mg/kg bw/d, 7 days after treatment in group 100 mg/kg bw/d. Actual concentrations were selected on the basis of these results. - Parental animals: Observations and examinations:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: twice daily
- Cage side observations: general conditions and mortality
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: twice a week
FOOD CONSUMPTION: Yes
- twice a week (converted to a daily dose measured over two consecutive days)
POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS: Yes
- Organs examined: testes, epididymes, ovaries, stomach, small intestine
OTHER:
reproductive indices - Oestrous cyclicity (parental animals):
- numbers of times in estrus before and during administration, number of corpora lutea
- Sperm parameters (parental animals):
- Parameters examined in P male parental generations:
testis weight, epididymis weight - Litter observations:
- PARAMETERS EXAMINED
The following parameters were examined in F1 offspring:
number and sex of pups, stillbirths, live births, postnatal mortality, presence of gross anomalies, weight gain, physical or behavioural abnormalities
GROSS EXAMINATION OF DEAD PUPS:
yes, for external and internal abnormalities - Postmortem examinations (parental animals):
- SACRIFICE
- Male animals: All surviving animals on day 50
- Maternal animals: All surviving animals
GROSS NECROPSY
- Gross necropsy consisted of external and internal examinations including the cervical, thoracic, and abdominal viscera.
HISTOPATHOLOGY / ORGAN WEIGHTS - Postmortem examinations (offspring):
- SACRIFICE
- The F1 offspring was sacrificed at 4 days of age.
GROSS NECROPSY
- Gross necropsy consisted of external and internal examinations including the cervical, thoracic, and abdominal viscera. - Statistics:
- Bartlett-test, Dunnet-test, Scheffe-test, χ2-test
- Reproductive indices:
- copulation index, fertility index, gestation index, delivery index
- Offspring viability indices:
- birth index, viability index
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 60 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: systemic effects (reduced body weights, food consumption at the LOAEL of 300 mg/kg bw/day)
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: no effects on fertility in highest dose tested
- Reproductive effects observed:
- not specified
Reference
males:
- salivation in all dose groups
females:
- salivation: before and during mating in animals receiving 60 and 300 mg/kg bw/d, during pregnancy in animals receiving 12 mg/kg bw/d - 300 mg/kg bw/d and during lactation in highest dose females (300 mg/kg bw/d)
- One dam died on day 22 of pregnancy and one dam died on day 4 of lactation in the 300 mg/kg bw/d group.
BODY WEIGHT AND FOOD CONSUMPTION (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- statistically significant suppressed body weight gain in males and females of the 300 mg/kg bw/d dose group
- reduced food consumption in males and females receiving 300 mg/kg bw/d
REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION: ESTROUS CYCLE (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- no effect on estrous cycle
REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- All 12 pairs of each dose group copulated successfully (copulation index 100%).
- All females except one female in the 60 mg/kg bw/d dose group became pregnant (fertility index: 0, 2.4, 12, 300 mg/kg bw/d 100%; 60 mg/kg bw/d 91.7%).
-The gestation index was 100% for animals receiving 0 - 60 mg/kg bw/d and for the 300 mg/kg bw/d group 91.7% because of the death of one dam on day 22 of pregnancy.
ORGAN WEIGHTS (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- There are statistically significant higher relative testis and statistically not significant higher relative epididymis weights (300 mg/kg bw/d). These increases may be due to the reduced body weights because the absolute testis and epididymides weights were not affected.
GROSS PATHOLOGY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- surviving females on day 4 of lactation: 12/12 controls, 12/12 animals of 2.4 mg/kg bw/day, 11/11 animals of 12 mg/kg bw/day, 10/10 animals of 60 mg/kg bw/day and 5/9 animals of 300 mg/kg bw/day did not show necropsy findings. At a dose of 300 mg/kg bw/day the following effects were observed: in two of 9 animals white glandular mucosa of the stomach, in 1 of 9 animals each dark red spots, black spots and edema in the glandular mucosa of the stomach, in 1 of 9 animals black discoloration of the small intestine
- males: no necropsy findings
HISTOPATHOLOGY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
males testis:
- moderate degeneration of seminiferous tubules with giant cells (1/12 animals at 300 mg/kg bw/d)
males epididymis:
- arteritis in capsule (1/12 animals in the control group)
- slight interstitial cell infiltration (1/12 animals at 300 mg/kg bw/d)
- mild hypospermia in epididymis (1/12 animals at 300 mg/kg bw/d)
The effects observed in histopathology in male reproductive organs occured spontaneous and were not considered compound-related.
females: histopathological examinations of the ovary in the other dose groups of n-butyl chloride except 300 mg/kg bw/day group were not carried out. No remarkable changes were recognized in the ovary.
for details on developmental toxicity of F1 offspring see 7.8.2 MHW_Japan_1993
Number of times in estrus of female rats (P)
Group [mg/kg bw/d] |
Control |
n-butyl chloride |
|||
0 |
2.4 |
12 |
60 |
300 |
|
Number of females |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
Number of times in estrus before a administration (7 days) |
1.8 +/- 0.5 |
1.7 +/- 0.5 |
1.8 +/- 0.4 |
1.7 +/- 0.5 |
1.7 +/- 0.5 |
Number of times in estrus during administration (14 days) |
3.2 +/- 0.4 |
3.3 +/- 0.5 |
3.3 +/- 0.5 |
3.3 +/- 0.5 |
3.3 +/- 0.5 |
Organ weight of male rats (P) after mating period
Group [mg/kg bw/d] |
Control |
n-butyl chloride |
|||
0 |
2.4 |
12 |
60 |
300 |
|
Number of animals |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
Absolute body weight [g] |
483.2 +/- 35.6 |
496.2 +/- 24.6 |
481.6 +/- 26.7 |
475.7 +/- 25.6 |
432.4 +/- 21.5** |
Absolute testes weight [g] |
3.265 +/- 0.196 |
3.272 +/- 0.212 |
3.356 +/- 0.316 |
3.369 +/- 0.293 |
3.243 +/- 0.265 |
Relative testes weight [g] |
0.677 +/- 0.058 |
0.663 +/- 0.05 |
0.697 +/- 0.067 |
0.711 +/- 0.083 |
0.752 +/- 0.074* |
Absolute epididymides weight [g] |
1.263 +/- 0.128 |
1.225 +/- 0.091 |
1.274 +/- 0.077 |
1.215 +/- 0.097 |
1.175 +/- 0.095 |
Relative epididymides weight [g] |
0.264 +/- 0.032 |
0.248 +/- 0.027 |
0.264 +/- 0.020 |
0.257 +/- 0.025 |
0.272 +/- 0.025 |
*: P < 0.05
**: P < 0.01
Effect on fertility: via oral route
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- 300 mg/kg bw/day
Additional information
There is no two-generation reproduction study available. However, a reproduction / developmental toxicity screening test and histopathological data on sexual organs from a carcinogenicity study and a repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity study were used for assessment of toxicity to reproduction.
In a reproduction / developmental toxicity screening test according to OECD Guideline 421 Crj:CD rats received 2.4, 12, 60 and 300 mg/kg bw/day 1-chlorobutane by gavage. Males were exposed for 49 days including 14 days before mating and females received 1-chlorobutane from 14 days before mating to day 3 of lactation. In the highest dose group depression of body weight gain and reduced food consumption was observed. In addition 1/12 females died on day 22 of pregnancy and one dam on day 4 of lactation in the 300 mg/kg bw/day dose group. Males of all dose groups and females receiving 12 mg/kg bw/day and higher doses showed salivation. There were no significant changes of absolute organ weights, nor in gross and histopathological findings. The results observed in mating, fertility and estrous cycle did not reveal any effects attributable to the administration of 1-chlorobutane. The fertility index was 100% in all dose groups, except in the 60 mg/kg bw/day (fetility index: 91.7%) group in which 1/12 females was not pregnant. Observation of delivery showed that all gestation animals delivered pups normally (MHW Japan, 1993). The NOAEL for systemic effects in parental animals was 60 mg/kg bw/day and the NOAEL for fertility (P) was 300 mg/kg bw/day.
In a carcinogenicity study (NTP, 1986) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice no compound-related reproductive effects on sexual organs (seminal vesicles/prostata/testes or ovaries/uterus) were found during histopathological examination of animals receiving 60 or 120 mg/kg bw/day and 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day 5 days per week for 103 weeks, respectively. Thus, no evidence for effects on fertility is considered in concentrations of 120 mg/kg bw/day for rats, 500 mg/kg bw/day for female mice and 1000 mg/kg bw/day for male mice, respectively.
In a subchronic study (NTP, 1986) F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice were administered (gavage) 0, 30, 60, 120, 250 and 500 mg/kg bw/d and 0, 60, 120, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day 1-chlorobutane 5 days/week for 90 days. No gross pathological nor histopathological findings on sexual organs (prostate/testes or ovaries/uterus) were observed at the highsest dose tested. Thus no evidence for effects on fertility due to lack of effects on sexual organs is considered in a concentration of 500 mg/kg bw/day for rats and 1000 mg/kg bw/day for mice.
Taken together in a weight of evidence approach, the data indicate that 1-chlorobutane has no effects on fertility.
Short description of key information:
NOAEL (fertility, rat) = 300 mg/kg bw/day (MHW Japan, 1993)
Effects on developmental toxicity
Description of key information
NOAEL (maternal toxicity, rat) = 60 mg/kg bw/day due to reduced body weights and food consumption at the LOAEL of 300 mg/kg bw/day (MHW Japan, 1993)
NOAEL (developmental toxicity, rat) = 2.4 mg/kg bw/day due to a lack of maternal care (MHW Japan, 1993)
NOAEL (teratogenicity, rat) = 300 mg/kg bw/day, highest dose level tested (MHW Japan, 1993)
Additional information
Developmental toxicity of 1-chlorobutane was studied in Crj:CD rats at doses of 2.4, 12, 60 and 300 mg/kg bw/day by gavage according OECD Guideline 421 (reproduction / developmental toxicity screening test). Males were exposed for 49 days including 14 days before mating and females received 1 -chlorobutane from 14 days before mating to day 3 of lactation. The external examination of pups revealed a statistically not significant depression of viability index and body weight gain in the 300 mg/kg bw/day group due to maternal toxicity. One dam of the 300 mg/kg bw/day died on day 4 of lacatation and lack of pup care was observed in another dam, that showed decreased food consumption and body weight loss. Lack of pup care behaviour (i.e. lack of lactating and nesting) was also observed in one female each in the 12 mg/kg bw/day dose group and 60 mg/kg bw/day, resulting in death of all pups. No remarkable changes in necropsy findings of the pups from all dose groups at day 4 were observed, confirming that the decrease in viablity of pups at doses > 2.4 mg/kg bw/day is due to maternal toxicity. The NOAEL was considered to be 60 mg/kg bw/day for maternal toxicity based on reduced body weights and food consumption at the LOAEL of 300 mg/kg bw/day and 2.4 mg/kg bw/d for developmental toxicity based on the increased mortality of pups due to a lack of maternal care. On the basis of no remarkable changes in pup necropsy the NOAEL for teratogenicity (MHW Japan,1993) was considered to be 300 mg/kg bw/day.
In another reproduction toxicity study by Leonskaya (1980), reported as short abstract from secondary source (Rudnev et al., 1979; Val. 4), female Wistar rats were gavaged daily with 1 -chlorobutane at concentrations of 0.72, 110 or 733 mg/kg in sunflower oil during the first 19 days of pregnancy and were evaluated for embryotoxic and teratogenic effects. Embryo mortality and the number of foetuses with internal organ hemorrhage was increased in the 733 mg/kg bw/day dose group. In this high dose group pronounced toxic effects were observed. The cranio-caudal index (ratio of the conduction velocities in the forelimb and hindlimb nerves) was significantly elevated in dams receiving 733 mg/kg bw/day. No effects on embryo mortality or bleedings in organs of fetuses were seen in the lower dose groups. Progeny of the dosed females were observed for 30 days following birth. No compound-related effects were observed in mortality, body weight change, time of appearance of body hair or opening of eyes. The offspring were crossbred (within dose group) and subsequently examined. 1 -Chlorobutane also increased embryo mortality in the second generation in the highest dose group.
In summary, it is concluded that the observed developmental and hazardous effects on embryogenesis in large doses are due to toxic effects on dams.
Justification for classification or non-classification
The available data is conclusive but not sufficient for classification according to DSD (67/548/EEC) and CLP (1272/2008/EC).
Additional information
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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