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EC number: 283-291-9 | CAS number: 84604-14-8 Extractives and their physically modified derivatives such as tinctures, concretes, absolutes, essential oils, oleoresins, terpenes, terpene-free fractions, distillates, residues, etc., obtained from Rosmarinus officinalis, Labiatae.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://chesar.echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Developmental toxicity / teratogenicity
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 4 October 2012 - 22 March 2013
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
Cross-referenceopen allclose all
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
Reference
- Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: read across
- Justification for type of information:
- The read across justification is presented in the endpoint summary and the acompanying files are also attached there.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- food consumption and compound intake
- Key result
- Abnormalities:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Localisation:
- not specified
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Effects on bodyweight and food consumption during gestation
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Based on offspring bodyweight gain and clinical signs.
- Remarks on result:
- other:
- Remarks:
- The effects on offspring body weight were not selective and have been observed at a dose producing maternal toxicity and therefore the substance was not considered to be a selective reproductive toxicant.
- Key result
- Abnormalities:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Localisation:
- other: Body weight gain
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Body weight gain 27-28% lower than Control, likely related to maternal toxicity
- Key result
- Developmental effects observed:
- yes
- Lowest effective dose / conc.:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Treatment related:
- yes
- Relation to maternal toxicity:
- developmental effects as a secondary non-specific consequence of maternal toxicity effects
- Dose response relationship:
- not specified
- Relevant for humans:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- The oral developmental toxicity endpoint of Rosemary oil is assessed by using read across from Eucalyptus oil. Under the test conditions, the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) were considered to be 300 mg/kg bw/day for developmental toxicity. However, the effects on offspring body weight were not selective and have been observed at a dose producing maternal toxicity and therefore the substance was not considered to be a selective developmental toxicant.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
Reference
- Endpoint:
- screening for reproductive / developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 4 October 2012 - 22 March 2013
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Well conducted and well described study in accordance with GLP and OECD Guideline 422 without any deviation.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: OECD Guideline 422 (Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test)
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Not applicable
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- other: Crl:CD(SD) rat
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River (UK) Limited
- Age of F0 animals at study initiation: Approximately 70 days
- Weight of F0 animals at study initiation: Males: 342-390 g; Females: 232-276 g
- Housing: No. of animals per cage - Males: acclimatisation, pre pairing and post pairing - up to 5 animals; Females: acclimatisation and pre pairing - up to 5 animals; During pairing - one male and one female; Gestation - one female; Lactation: one female + litter. Cages comprised of a polycarbonate body with a stainless steel mesh lid; changed at appropriate intervals. Solid (polycarbonate) bottom cages were used during the acclimatisation, pre-pairing, gestation, littering, lactation and maturation periods. Grid bottomed cages were used during pairing. These were suspended above absorbent paper which was changed daily during pairing.
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): SDS VRF1 Certified pelleted diet, ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): Potable water from the public supply via polycarbonate bottles with sipper tubes, ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 5 days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature: 19-23 °C
- Humidity: 40-70 %
- Air changes: Filtered fresh air which was passed to atmosphere and not recirculated.
- Photoperiod: 12 h dark / 12 h fluorescent light - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- corn oil
- Details on exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
- The required amount of test material, for each formulation was pre-weighed into suitable containers. Approximately 50 % of the final volume of vehicle was added to the test material and magnetically stirred. This formulation was then made up to the required volume using further quantities of the vehicle and mixed until visually homogenous. Each concentration was formulated in ascending order using the same method for preparation. The test substance was used as supplied. All formulations were prepared freshly each week and were stored refrigerated (nominally 4 °C).
VEHICLE
- Concentration in vehicle: 25, 75 and 250 mg/mL
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 4 mL/kg bw/day - Details on mating procedure:
- - M/F ratio per cage: 1: 1
- Pairing commenced: After 2 weeks of treatment for males and females
- Length of cohabitation: Up to 2 weeks
- Proof of pregnancy: Presence of sperm within the vaginal smear and/or ejected copulation plugs referred to as Day 0 of pregnancy.
- Male/female separation: Day when mating evidence was detected.
- Pre-coital interval: Calculated for each female as the time between first pairing and evidence of mating. - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- - Before treatment commenced, the suitability of the proposed mixing procedure was determined and specimen formulations at 1 and 250 mg/mL were analysed to assess the homogeneity and stability of the test material in the liquid matrix. Samples of each formulation prepared for administration in Weeks 1 and 5 of treatment were analysed for achieved concentration of the test substance. The homogeneity and stability was confirmed for Eucalyptus Oil in Corn oil formulations at nominal concentrations of 1 mg/mL and 250 mg/mL for up to1 day at ambient temperature storage and refrigerated storage for up to 15 days.
Results:
- The homogeneity and stability was confirmed for Eucalyptus Oil in Corn oil formulations at nominal concentrations of 1 mg/mL and 250 mg/mL during distribution between the bottles, during magnetic stirring for 2 hours, ambient temperature storage for 1 day and refrigerated storage for up to 15 days. In addition, the stability of discrete 1 mL samples was confirmed following refrigerated storage for 15 days.
- The mean concentrations of Eucalyptus Oil in test formulations analysed for the study was within +10 %/-15 % of nominal concentrations, confirming accurate formulation. - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- - F0 males were treated for two weeks before pairing up to necropsy after a minimum of five weeks.
- F0 females were treated daily for two weeks before pairing, throughout pairing and gestation until Day 6 of lactation. - Frequency of treatment:
- Once daily, at approximately the same time each day.
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
0, 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day
Basis:
actual ingested - No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale: Dose levels were selected based on the results of preliminary study (Study No.: RAJ0012). In that study doses up to 1000 mg/kg bw/day, the limit dose for OECD 422 studies, were well tolerated.
- Rationale for animal assignment: Randomly allocated on arrival. Using the sequence of cages in the battery, one animal at a time was placed in each cage with the procedure being repeated until each cage held the appropriate number of animals. - Positive control:
- Not applicable
- Parental animals: Observations and examinations:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Animals were inspected visually at least twice daily for evidence of ill-health or reaction to treatment. Cages were inspected daily for evidence of animal ill-health amongst the occupant(s). During the acclimatisation period, observations of the animals and their cages were recorded at least once per day.
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Daily during the first week of treatment, weekly from Week 2 for all F0 animals and on Days 0, 6, 13 and 20 of gestation and Days 1 and 6 of lactation for F0 females. Viability check was performed near the start and end of each working day. Before treatment commenced and during each week of treatment and for females during the Gestation phase on Days 0, 6, 13 and 20 and during the Lactation phase on Days 1 and 6, detailed physical examination and arena observations were performed on each animal.
NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: Yes
- Time schedule: Sensory reactivity and grip strength assessments were performed (before dosing) on the five lowest numbered surviving males in each group during Week 5 of treatment and on the five lowest numbered lactating females in each group at Days 4-6 of lactation. During Week 5 of treatment for males and at Days 4-6 of lactation for females, the motor activity of the five lowest numbered surviving males and the five lowest numbered lactating females in each group was measured (before dosing).
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations:
F0 males: Before dosing on the day that treatment commenced, weekly thereafter and on the day of necropsy.
F0 females: Before dosing on the day that treatment commenced, weekly thereafter prior to positive mating evidence. Days 0, 6, 13 and 20 after mating and Days 1, 4 and 7 of lactation.
FOOD CONSUMPTION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations:
F0 males: Weekly until paired for mating. Food consumption was not recorded during pairing (Week 3) and then recommenced in Week 4.
F0 females: Weekly until paired for mating. Days 0-5, 6-12, 13-19 after mating and Days 1-3 and 4-6 of lactation.
HAEMATOLOGY AND CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: Week 2 prior to pairing. The five lowest numbered surviving F0 males and females per group.
- Animals fasted: Yes, overnight fasting
- Animals were held under light general anaesthesia induced by isoflurane. Blood samples were withdrawn from the sublingual vein.
- Haematology parameters: Haematocrit, Haemoglobin concentration, Erythrocyte count (RBC), Absolute reticulocyte count, Percentage reticulocyte count, Mean cell haemoglobin, Mean cell haemoglobin concentration, Mean cell volume, Red cell distribution width, Total leucocyte count, Differential leucocyte count: Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes, Large unstained cells, Platelet count, Morphology: Anisocytosis, Macrocytosis, Microcytosis, Hypochromasia, Hyperchromasia, Prothrombin time and Activated partial thromboplastin time.
- Blood Chemistry parameters: Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Total bilirubin, Bile acids, Urea, Creatinine, Glucose, Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Chloride (Cl), Calcium (Ca), Inorganic phosphorus, Total protein, Albumin and Albumin/globulin ratio (A/G Ratio).
PARTURITION OBSERVATIONS AND GESTATION LENGTH:
- Duration of gestation: Time elapsing between the detection of mating and commencement of parturition.
- Parturition observations: From Day 20 after mating, females were inspected three times daily for evidence of parturition. The progress and completion of parturition was monitored, numbers of live and dead offspring were recorded and any difficulties observed were recorded. - Oestrous cyclicity (parental animals):
- - Dry smears: Daily smears were taken for 15 days before pairing, using cotton swabs moistened with saline. Smears were subsequently examined to establish the duration and regularity of the oestrous cycle.
- Wet smears: After pairing with the male, daily smearing was continued using pipette lavage, until evidence of mating was observed. - Sperm parameters (parental animals):
- No data
- Litter observations:
- PARAMETERS EXAMINED
- Clinical observations: Examined at approximately 24 h after birth (Day 1 of age) and then daily thereafter for evidence of ill health or reaction to treatment; these were on an individual offspring basis or for the litter as a whole, as appropriate.
- Litter size: Daily records were maintained of mortality and consequent changes in litter size from Days 1-7 of age.
- Sex ratio: The sex ratio of each litter was recorded on Days 1, 4 and on Day 7 of age.
- Individual offspring bodyweights: F1 offspring - Days 1, 4 and 7 of age. - Postmortem examinations (parental animals):
- SACRIFICE
- F0 males: After Week 5 investigations completed.
- F0 females: Scheduled kill - Day 7 of lactation; Failing to produce viable litter - Day 25 after mating
- Method of sacrifice: F0 animals were killed by Carbon dioxide asphyxiation with subsequent exsanguination.
GROSS NECROPSY
- All F0 animals were subject to a detailed necropsy. All external features and orifices were examined visually. Any abnormality in the appearance or size of any organ and tissue (external and cut surface) was recorded and the required tissue samples preserved in appropriate fixative. In addition all F0 females had the number of uterine implantation sites recorded.
HISTOPATHOLOGY / ORGAN WEIGHTS
- The organs weighed, tissue samples fixed and sections examined microscopically are detailed in table 7.8.1/1 and 7.8.1/2.
- Routine staining: Sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin; in addition samples of the testes were stained using a standard periodic acid Schiff (PAS) method.
- Tissues were routinely preserved in 10 % Neutral Buffered Formalin with the exception of Testes in modified Davidson’s fluid; Eyes In Davidson’s fluid. - Postmortem examinations (offspring):
- SACRIFICE:
- F1 offspring scheduled kill: Day 7 of age
- Method of sacrifice: Intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbitone
GROSS NECROPSY
- All F1 offspring were examined externally; any offspring found to be externally abnormal were also examined internally. Where possible, sporadic deaths in early neonates were also examined internally, including an assessment of stomach for milk content. - Statistics:
- See section " Any other information on materials and methods incl. tables”.
- Reproductive indices:
- Mating Performance and Fertility:
- Percentage mating = (Number animals mating x 100) / Animals paired
- Conception rate (%) = (Number animals achieving pregnancy x 100) / Animals mated
- Fertility index (%) = (Number animals achieving pregnancy x 100) / Animals pairing
Gestation length
- Gestation index (%) = (Number of live litters born x 100) / Number pregnant - Offspring viability indices:
- Survival indices:
- Post-implantation survival index (%) = (Total number of offspring born x 100) / Total number of uterine implantation sites
- Live birth index (%) = (Number of live offspring on Day 1 after littering x 100) / Total number of offspring born
- Viability index (%) = (Number of live offspring on Day 4 before culling x 100) / Number live offspring on Day 1 after littering
- Lactation index (%) = (Number of live offspring on Day 7 after littering x 100) / Number live offspring on Day 4
Sex ratio:
- Percentage males = (Number of males in litter x 100) / Total number of offspring in litter - Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Reproductive function: oestrous cycle:
- no effects observed
- Reproductive function: sperm measures:
- not examined
- Reproductive performance:
- no effects observed
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Remarks:
- systemic toxicity
- Effect level:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Based on effects on bodyweight, food consumption.
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Remarks:
- systemic toxicity
- Effect level:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Hyaline droplet nephropathy at all dose levels; however this response is considered to be rat specific and to have no counterpart in man.
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Remarks:
- reproductive toxicity
- Effect level:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Reproductive assessments on oestrous cycles, mating performance and fertility, gestation length and parturition observations and reproductive performance did not detect any adverse effects of treatment.
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- yes
- Lowest effective dose / conc.:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- System:
- other: Body weight gain
- Organ:
- not specified
- Treatment related:
- yes
- Dose response relationship:
- not specified
- Relevant for humans:
- yes
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Mortality / viability:
- no mortality observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Sexual maturation:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- not examined
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings:
- not examined
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Generation:
- F1
- Effect level:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- Remarks on result:
- other: Likely related to maternal toxicity
- Critical effects observed:
- yes
- Lowest effective dose / conc.:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- System:
- other: Bodyweight gain (related to maternal toxicity)
- Organ:
- not specified
- Treatment related:
- yes
- Dose response relationship:
- not specified
- Relevant for humans:
- yes
- Key result
- Reproductive effects observed:
- no
- Conclusions:
- Under the conditions of the test, the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for reproductive toxicity is 1000 mg/kg bw/day, since no adverse reprotoxic effects were observed.
- Executive summary:
In a Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test conducted according to OECD Guideline 422 and in compliance with GLP, Eucalyptus oil was administered to groups of Crl:CD(SD) rats at 0, 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day by oral (gavage). The F0 males were treated for two weeks before pairing up to necropsy after a minimum of five weeks. The F0 females were treated daily for two weeks before pairing, throughout pairing, gestation and lactation until the day prior to termination on Day 6 of lactation. During the study, data was recorded on mortality, clinical signs, behavioural assessments, body weight change, food consumption, haematology, blood chemistry, oestrous cycle, mating performance, fertility and gestation length. All animals were subjected to a gross necropsy examination, selected organs were weighed and histopathological evaluation of selected tissues was performed. The clinical condition of offspring, litter size and survival, sex ratio and offspring bodyweight were assessed and macroscopic pathology investigations were undertaken.
One female receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day was found dead on Day 15 after mating, this death was not attributed to treatment. During the first week of dosing, animals receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day displayed transient post dosing signs of under activity and unsteady muscle reactions. Males and females receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day also displayed chin rubbing and salivation; salivation was also recorded in females receiving 300 mg/kg bw/day. Detailed physical and arena observations, sensory reactivity, grip strength or motor activity assessments of the animals did not detect any changes attributed to the test material. Bodyweight gain of males receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day was low for the Week 0-1 period. During gestation bodyweight gain and food consumption was low in females receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day. Food consumption remained low for females receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day during lactation.
Changes in haematology parameters were considered not to be adverse at the degree observed.
Biochemical analysis of blood plasma during Week 2 of dosing showed high alanine amino transferase activity and bile acid concentration in females receiving Eucalyptus oil at 1000 mg/kg bw/day. Urea concentration was high and triglyceride concentration was low in males receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day. These changes may be associated with the microscopic changes to the liver and kidneys.
Eucalyptus oil orally administered to male rats at all doses resulted in hyaline droplet nephropathy in the kidneys, accompanied by tubular casts and/or tubular degeneration/regeneration. Hyaline droplet nephropathy in the kidneys of male rats is caused by accumulation of alpha 2 microglobulin (produced by the male rat liver) in the proximal tubules, which leads to subsequent damage and regeneration of the tubular epithelium. It has been reported with a number of organic chemicals but it appears to be a male, rat-specific toxicological response that has no counterpart in man (for reviews see Hard et al 1993, Swenberg 1993). The absence of any tubular injury in the test article treated females supports the conclusion that the tubular degeneration is secondary to the male specific hyaline droplet accumulation.
Treatment at all dose levels also resulted in centrilobular hepatocytic hypertrophy in the liver of males and an increase in glycogenic vacuolation in the liver of females. Minimal centrilobular hepatocytic hypertrophy of the male livers associated with liver weight increase is considered an adaptive change likely associated with microsomal enzyme induction. A slight increase in the incidence and severity of glycogenic vacuolation in the test article treated female livers compared with controls may be partially responsible for the liver weight increase. Although centrilobular hepatocytic hypertrophy was not recorded in the females, a minimal diffuse hypertrophy could account for the liver weight increase in this sex, but would be difficult to detect histologically. The liver changes are considered not adverse.
There were no microscopic correlates for the decrease in spleen weight and the increase in adrenal weight of the 1000 mg/kg/day females.
Reproductive assessments evaluated that the mating performance or fertility of males or females was not adversely affected by Eucalyptus oil at any of the dose levels investigated. All females which gave birth successfully raised their litter. A slightly high incidence of cold to touch was observed in litters derived from parents receiving Eucalyptus oil 1000 mg/kg bw/day.
There were no significant effects of the test material on litter size, offspring survival indices or sex ratio. Bodyweight of offspring on Day 1 of age was similar to Control but bodyweight gain of offspring derived from parents receiving 1000 mg/kg/day was low (ca. 27-28% lower than Control). There were no macroscopic findings attributed to treatment for offspring examined before or at scheduled termination.
Under the test condition, the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) were considered to be:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day for systemic toxicity (female), based on lower body weight gain and food consumption during gestation. Both findings appeared to be associated with pregnancy status. It was not possible to link this effect to the taste of the substance since females had shown a significant duration of normal bodyweight and food performance prior to Day 6 of gestation and after birth of the pups. These latter observations appeared to indicate recovery in females.
- 1000 mg/kg bw/day for systemic toxicity (males) since hyaline droplet nephropathy observed at all dose levels is considered to be rat specific and to have no counterpart in man,
- 1000 mg/kg bw/day for reproductive toxicity, since no adverse effects were observed on reproductive indices.
- After dosing during the first week of study animals receiving Eucalyptus oil at 1000 mg/kg bw/day displayed signs of under activity and unsteady muscle reactions. Males and females receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day also displayed chin rubbing and salivation; salivation was also recorded in females receiving 300 mg/kg bw/day.
- One pregnant female receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day was found dead on Day 15 after mating. This death was not attributed to treatment.
BODY WEIGHT (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- Bodyweight gain of males receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day was low for the Week 0-1 period. Weight gain in males after Week 1 was similar or superior to controls.
- Bodyweight gain of females at all dose levels during the first two weeks of dosing was variable, no dose trends were apparent. During gestation, bodyweight gain was lower than Control in females receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day, statistical significant differences to the Control were apparent in absolute and bodyweight gain values from Day 6 of gestation. On Day 1 of lactation absolute bodyweight was statistically lower than Control reflecting the low gains during gestation however following superior bodyweight gain statistical significance was no longer present on Day 7 of lactation.
FOOD CONSUMPTION (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- Food consumption appeared slightly low for females receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day during Week 1 of study, and significantly low during Days 6-19 of gestation and Days 4-6 of lactation.
- No effects on food consumption were detected in males.
NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- There were no changes associated with the test material during sensory reactivity, grip strength and motor activity assessments.
HAEMATOLOGY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- The haematological investigations conducted during Week 2 of dosing showed high lymphocyte, basophil, monocyte and large unstained cell counts (resulting in an associated increase in total white blood cell counts) in females receiving 300 or 1000 mg/kg bw/day, compared with Controls, however these findings lacked any dose-relationship trend, were not apparent in males and are considered not to be adverse at the degree observed. Activated partial thromboplastin time was lower in males receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day, no clear dose trend was apparent, this difference was not seen in females and was considered not to be adverse at the degree observed.
BLOOD CHEMISTRY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- Biochemical analysis of blood plasma during Week 2 of dosing showed high alanine amino transferase activity and bile acid concentration in females at 1000 mg/kg bw/day, high urea and low triglyceride concentrations in males at 1000 mg/kg bw/day.
REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- Reproductive assessments on oestrous cycles, mating performance and fertility, gestation length and parturition observations and reproductive performance did not detect any adverse effects of treatment.
ORGAN WEIGHTS (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- Dose related higher kidney (males) and liver weights (males and females) were observed. Adrenal weights were high in females at 1000 mg/kg bw/day.
- Low adjusted spleen weight attained statistical significance for females in all dose groups; however no dose trend was apparent. The uterus (including uterine cervix and oviducts) weight in females receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day was statistically higher than control though this was considered not adverse at the degree observed. There was considered to be no effect on male reproductive organ weights, the apparent slightly high testes and epididymal weights in treated animals are considered to partially be an effect of the single control male which had atypically small reproductive organs.
GROSS PATHOLOGY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- Depressed areas were present on the kidneys of four males dosed with 1000 mg/kg bw/day. These correlated with foci of tubular degeneration/regeneration that were related to test article administration. The incidence and distribution of all the other findings were consistent with the common background findings seen at these laboratories.
HISTOPATHOLOGY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- Changes related to treatment with Eucalyptus oil were seen in the kidneys of males and in the liver of males and females.
- Kidneys: All treated male groups had hyaline droplets in the proximal tubules of the cortex, with a dose-related incidence and severity. Multifocal tubular degeneration/regeneration was also noted in all treated male groups, but without a dose-relationship. Tubular casts of cell debris, seen at 100 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day in males, were considered to originate from the degenerating tubules, causing dilation of the lumens of occasional tubules at the corticomedullary junction. The changes in the kidney were probably responsible for the increased weight of the kidneys compared with controls. There were no similar changes in the kidneys of females dosed with Eucalyptus oil.
- Liver: Centrilobular hepatocyte hypertrophy was present in all treated male groups with a dose relationship. Glycogenic vacuolation was recorded in all treated female groups but not in control females. These findings are probably partially responsible for the increased weight of the liver in the Eucalyptus oil treated animals.
- All other microscopic findings were considered incidental and unrelated to the test article.
- There were no significant effects of the test material on litter size, offspring survival indices or sex ratio.
BODYWEIGHT
- Bodyweight of offspring on Day 1 of age was similar to Control but bodyweight gain of male and female offspring derived from Dams receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day was low and by Day 4 of age absolute bodyweight of this group was also significantly lower than Control.
MACROPATHOLOGY
- There were no findings attributed to treatment for offspring examined before or at scheduled termination.
None
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
Reference
- Endpoint:
- short-term repeated dose toxicity: oral
- Remarks:
- combined repeated dose and reproduction / developmental screening
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 4 October 2012 - 22 March 2013
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Well conducted and well described study in accordance with GLP and OECD Guideline 422 without any deviation.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 422 (Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Not applicable
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Remarks:
- 12 feb 2013
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- other: Crl:CD(SD) rat
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River (UK) Limited
- Age of F0 animals at study initiation: Approximately 70 days
- Weight of F0 animals at study initiation: Males: 342-390 g; Females: 232-276 g
- Housing: No. of animals per cage - Males: acclimatisation, pre pairing and post pairing - up to 5 animals; Females: acclimatisation and pre pairing - up to 5 animals; During pairing - one male and one female; Gestation - one female; Lactation: one female + litter. Cages comprised of a polycarbonate body with a stainless steel mesh lid; changed at appropriate intervals. Solid (polycarbonate) bottom cages were used during the acclimatisation, pre-pairing, gestation, littering, lactation and maturation periods. Grid bottomed cages were used during pairing. These were suspended above absorbent paper which was changed daily during pairing.
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): SDS VRF1 Certified pelleted diet, ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): Potable water from the public supply via polycarbonate bottles with sipper tubes, ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 5 days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature: 19-23 °C
- Humidity: 40-70 %
- Air changes: Filtered fresh air which was passed to atmosphere and not recirculated.
- Photoperiod: 12 h dark / 12 h fluorescent light - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- corn oil
- Details on oral exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
- The required amount of test material, for each formulation was pre-weighed into suitable containers. Approximately 50 % of the final volume of vehicle was added to the test material and magnetically stirred. This formulation was then made up to the required volume using further quantities of the vehicle and mixed until visually homogenous. Each concentration was formulated in ascending order using the same method for preparation. The test substance was used as supplied. All formulations were prepared freshly each week and were stored refrigerated (nominally 4 °C).
VEHICLE
- Concentration in vehicle: 25, 75 and 250 mg/mL
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 4 mL/kg bw/day - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- - Before treatment commenced, the suitability of the proposed mixing procedure was determined and specimen formulations at 1 and 250 mg/mL were analysed to assess the homogeneity and stability of the test material in the liquid matrix. Samples of each formulation prepared for administration in Weeks 1 and 5 of treatment were analysed for achieved concentration of the test substance. The homogeneity and stability was confirmed for Eucalyptus Oil in Corn oil formulations at nominal concentrations of 1 mg/mL and 250 mg/mL for up to1 day at ambient temperature storage and refrigerated storage for up to 15 days.
Results:
- The homogeneity and stability was confirmed for Eucalyptus Oil in Corn oil formulations at nominal concentrations of 1 mg/mL and 250 mg/mL during distribution between the bottles, during magnetic stirring for 2 hours, ambient temperature storage for 1 day and refrigerated storage for up to 15 days. In addition, the stability of discrete 1 mL samples was confirmed following refrigerated storage for 15 days.
- The mean concentrations of Eucalyptus Oil in test formulations analysed for the study was within +10 %/-15 % of nominal concentrations, confirming accurate formulation. - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- - F0 males were treated for two weeks before pairing up to necropsy after a minimum of five weeks.
- F0 females were treated daily for two weeks before pairing, throughout pairing and gestation until Day 6 of lactation. - Frequency of treatment:
- Once daily, at approximately the same time each day.
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Dose / conc.:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Dose / conc.:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Dose / conc.:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale: Dose levels were selected based on the results of preliminary study (Study No.: RAJ0012). In that study doses up to 1000 mg/kg bw/day, the limit dose for OECD 422 studies, were well tolerated.
- Rationale for animal assignment: Randomly allocated on arrival. Using the sequence of cages in the battery, one animal at a time was placed in each cage with the procedure being repeated until each cage held the appropriate number of animals. - Positive control:
- Not applicable
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Animals were inspected visually at least twice daily for evidence of ill-health or reaction to treatment. Cages were inspected daily for evidence of animal ill-health amongst the occupant(s). During the acclimatisation period, observations of the animals and their cages were recorded at least once per day.
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Daily during the first week of treatment, weekly from week 2 for all F0 animals and on Days 0, 6, 13 and 20 of gestation and days 1 and 6 of lactation for F0 females. Viability check was performed near the start and end of each working day. Before treatment commenced and during each week of treatment and for females during the Gestation phase on Days 0, 6, 13 and 20 and during the Lactation phase on Days 1 and 6, detailed physical examination and arena observations were performed on each animal.
NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: Yes
- Time schedule: Sensory reactivity and grip strength assessments were performed (before dosing) on the five lowest numbered surviving males in each group during week 5 of treatment and on the five lowest numbered lactating females in each group at Days 4-6 of lactation. During Week 5 of treatment for males and at Days 4-6 of lactation for females, the motor activity of the five lowest numbered surviving males and the five lowest numbered lactating females in each group was measured (before dosing).
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations:
F0 males: Before dosing on the day that treatment commenced, weekly thereafter and on the day of necropsy.
F0 females: Before dosing on the day that treatment commenced, weekly thereafter prior to positive mating evidence. Days 0, 6, 13 and 20 after mating and Days 1, 4 and 7 of lactation.
FOOD CONSUMPTION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations:
F0 males: Weekly until paired for mating. Food consumption was not recorded during pairing (Week 3) and then recommenced in Week 4.
F0 females: Weekly until paired for mating. Days 0-5, 6-12, 13-19 after mating and Days 1-3 and 4-6 of lactation.
HAEMATOLOGY AND CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: Week 2 prior to pairing. The five lowest numbered surviving F0 males and females per group.
- Animals fasted: Yes, overnight fasting
- Animals were held under light general anaesthesia induced by isoflurane. Blood samples were withdrawn from the sublingual vein.
- Haematology parameters: Haematocrit, Haemoglobin concentration, Erythrocyte count (RBC), Absolute reticulocyte count, Percentage reticulocyte count, Mean cell haemoglobin, Mean cell haemoglobin concentration, Mean cell volume, Red cell distribution width, Total leucocyte count, Differential leucocyte count: Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes, Large unstained cells, Platelet count, Morphology: Anisocytosis, Macrocytosis, Microcytosis, Hypochromasia, Hyperchromasia, Prothrombin time and Activated partial thromboplastin time.
- Blood Chemistry parameters: Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Total bilirubin, Bile acids, Urea, Creatinine, Glucose, Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Chloride (Cl), Calcium (Ca), Inorganic phosphorus, Total protein, Albumin and Albumin/globulin ratio (A/G Ratio).
ESTROUS CYCLICITY:
- Dry smears: Daily smears were taken for 15 days before pairing, using cotton swabs moistened with saline. Smears were subsequently examined to establish the duration and regularity of the oestrous cycle.
- Wet smears: After pairing with the male, daily smearing was continued using pipette lavage, until evidence of mating was observed.
PARTURITION OBSERVATIONS AND GESTATION LENGTH:
- Duration of gestation: Time elapsing between the detection of mating and commencement of parturition.
- Parturition observations: From Day 20 after mating, females were inspected three times daily for evidence of parturition. The progress and completion of parturition was monitored, numbers of live and dead offspring were recorded and any difficulties observed were recorded. - Sacrifice and pathology:
- SACRIFICE
- F0 males: After week 5 investigations completed.
- F0 females: Scheduled kill - Day 7 of lactation; Failing to produce viable litter - Day 25 after mating
- Method of sacrifice: F0 animals were killed by carbon dioxide asphyxiation with subsequent exsanguination.
GROSS NECROPSY
- All F0 animals were subject to a detailed necropsy. All external features and orifices were examined visually. Any abnormality in the appearance or size of any organ and tissue (external and cut surface) was recorded and the required tissue samples preserved in appropriate fixative. In addition all F0 females had the number of uterine implantation sites recorded.
HISTOPATHOLOGY / ORGAN WEIGHTS
- The organs weighed, tissue samples fixed and sections examined microscopically are detailed in table 7.8.1/1 and 7.8.1/2.
- Routine staining: Sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin; in addition samples of the testes were stained using a standard periodic acid Schiff (PAS) method.
- Tissues were routinely preserved in 10 % Neutral Buffered Formalin with the exception of Testes in modified Davidson’s fluid; Eyes In Davidson’s fluid. - Other examinations:
- DETAILS ON MATING PROCEDURE
- M/F ratio per cage: 1: 1
- Pairing commenced: After 2 weeks of treatment for males and females
- Length of cohabitation: Up to 2 weeks
- Proof of pregnancy: Presence of sperm within the vaginal smear and/or ejected copulation plugs referred to as Day 0 of pregnancy.
- Male/female separation: Day when mating evidence was detected.
- Pre-coital interval: Calculated for each female as the time between first pairing and evidence of mating.
LITTER OBSERVATIONS
- Clinical observations: Examined at approximately 24 h after birth (Day 1 of age) and then daily thereafter for evidence of ill health or reaction to treatment; these were on an individual offspring basis or for the litter as a whole, as appropriate.
- Litter size: Daily records were maintained of mortality and consequent changes in litter size from Days 1-7 of age.
- Sex ratio: The sex ratio of each litter was recorded on Days 1, 4 and on Day 7 of age.
- Individual offspring bodyweights: F1 offspring - Days 1, 4 and 7 of age.
Postmortem examinations (Offspring)
SACRIFICE:
- F1 offspring scheduled kill: Day 7 of age
- Method of sacrifice: Intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbitone
- Gross necropsy: All F1 offspring were examined externally; any offspring found to be externally abnormal were also examined internally. Where possible, sporadic deaths in early neonates were also examined internally, including an assessment of stomach for milk content. - Statistics:
- See section "Any other information on materials and methods incl. tables”.
- Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Mortality:
- mortality observed, treatment-related
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- no effects observed
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- no effects observed
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Gross pathological findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Details on results:
- CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- After dosing during the first week of study animals receiving Eucalyptus oil at 1000 mg/kg bw/day displayed signs of under activity and unsteady muscle reactions. Males and females receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day also displayed chin rubbing and salivation; salivation was also recorded in females receiving 300 mg/kg bw/day.
- One pregnant female receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day was found dead on Day 15 after mating. This death was not attributed to treatment.
BODY WEIGHT (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- Bodyweight gain of males receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day was low for the Week 0-1 period. Weight gain in males after Week 1 was similar or superior to controls.
- Bodyweight gain of females at all dose levels during the first two weeks of dosing was variable, no dose trends were apparent. During gestation, bodyweight gain was lower than Control in females receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day, statistical significant differences to the Control were apparent in absolute and bodyweight gain values from Day 6 of gestation. On Day 1 of lactation absolute bodyweight was statistically lower than Control reflecting the low gains during gestation however following superior bodyweight gain statistical significance was no longer present on Day 7 of lactation.
FOOD CONSUMPTION (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- Food consumption appeared slightly low for females receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day during Week 1 of study, and significantly low during Days 6-19 of gestation and Days 4-6 of lactation.
- No effects on food consumption were detected in males.
NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- There were no changes associated with the test material during sensory reactivity, grip strength and motor activity assessments.
HAEMATOLOGY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- The haematological investigations conducted during Week 2 of dosing showed high lymphocyte, basophil, monocyte and large unstained cell counts (resulting in an associated increase in total white blood cell counts) in females receiving 300 or 1000 mg/kg bw/day, compared with Controls, however these findings lacked any dose-relationship trend, were not apparent in males and are considered not to be adverse at the degree observed. Activated partial thromboplastin time was lower in males receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day, no clear dose trend was apparent, this difference was not seen in females and was considered not to be adverse at the degree observed.
BLOOD CHEMISTRY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- Biochemical analysis of blood plasma during Week 2 of dosing showed high alanine amino transferase activity and bile acid concentration in females at 1000 mg/kg bw/day, high urea and low triglyceride concentrations in males at 1000 mg/kg bw/day.
REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- Reproductive assessments on oestrous cycles, mating performance and fertility, gestation length and parturition observations and reproductive performance did not detect any adverse effects of treatment.
ORGAN WEIGHTS (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- Dose related higher kidney (males) and liver weights (males and females) were observed. Adrenal weights were high in females at 1000 mg/kg bw/day.
- Low adjusted spleen weight attained statistical significance for females in all dose groups; however no dose trend was apparent. The uterus (including uterine cervix and oviducts) weight in females receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day was statistically higher than control though this was considered not adverse at the degree observed. There was considered to be no effect on male reproductive organ weights, the apparent slightly high testes and epididymal weights in treated animals are considered to partially be an effect of the single control male which had atypically small reproductive organs.
GROSS PATHOLOGY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- Depressed areas were present on the kidneys of four males dosed with 1000 mg/kg bw/day. These correlated with foci of tubular degeneration/regeneration that were related to test article administration. The incidence and distribution of all the other findings were consistent with the common background findings seen at these laboratories.
HISTOPATHOLOGY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
- Changes related to treatment with Eucalyptus oil were seen in the kidneys of males and in the liver of males and females.
- Kidneys: All treated male groups had hyaline droplets in the proximal tubules of the cortex, with a dose-related incidence and severity. Multifocal tubular degeneration/regeneration was also noted in all treated male groups, but without a dose-relationship. Tubular casts of cell debris, seen at 100 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day in males, were considered to originate from the degenerating tubules, causing dilation of the lumens of occasional tubules at the corticomedullary junction. The changes in the kidney were probably responsible for the increased weight of the kidneys compared with controls. There were no similar changes in the kidneys of females dosed with Eucalyptus oil.
- Liver: Centrilobular hepatocyte hypertrophy was present in all treated male groups with a dose relationship. Glycogenic vacuolation was recorded in all treated female groups but not in control females. These findings are probably partially responsible for the increased weight of the liver in the Eucalyptus oil treated animals.
- All other microscopic findings were considered incidental and unrelated to the test article.
LITTER SIZE, OFFSPRING SURVIVAL AND SEX RATIO (OFFSPRING)
- There were no significant effects of the test material on litter size, offspring survival indices or sex ratio.
BODYWEIGHT (OFFSPRING)
- Bodyweight of offspring on Day 1 of age was similar to Control but bodyweight gain of male and female offspring derived from Dams receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day was low and by Day 4 of age absolute bodyweight of this group was also significantly lower than Control.
MACROPATHOLOGY (OFFSPRING)
- There were no findings attributed to treatment for offspring examined before or at scheduled termination. - Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Remarks:
- systemic toxicity
- Effect level:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Based on effects on bodyweight, food consumption.
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Remarks:
- systemic toxicity
- Effect level:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Hyaline droplet nephropathy at all dose levels; however this response is considered to be rat specific and to have no counterpart in man.
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Under the test condition, the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for systemic toxicity was considered to be 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day in female and males rats, respectively.
- Executive summary:
In a Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test conducted according to OECD Guideline 422 and in compliance with GLP, Eucalyptus oil was administered to groups of Crl:CD(SD) rats at 0, 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day by oral (gavage). The F0 males were treated for two weeks before pairing up to necropsy after a minimum of five weeks. The F0 females were treated daily for two weeks before pairing, throughout pairing, gestation and lactation until the day prior to termination on Day 6 of lactation. During the study, data was recorded on mortality, clinical signs, behavioural assessments, body weight change, food consumption, haematology, blood chemistry. All animals were subjected to a gross necropsy examination, selected organs were weighed and histopathological evaluation of selected tissues was performed.
One female receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day was found dead on Day 15 after mating, this death was not attributed to treatment. During the first week of dosing, animals receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day displayed transient post dosing signs of under activity and unsteady muscle reactions. Males and females receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day also displayed chin rubbing and salivation; salivation was also recorded in females receiving 300 mg/kg bw/day. Detailed physical and arena observations, sensory reactivity, grip strength or motor activity assessments of the animals did not detect any changes attributed to the test material. Bodyweight gain of males receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day was low for the Week 0-1 period. During gestation bodyweight gain and food consumption was low in females receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day. Food consumption remained low for females receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day during lactation.
Changes in haematology parameters were considered not to be adverse at the degree observed.
Biochemical analysis of blood plasma during Week 2 of dosing showed high alanine amino transferase activity and bile acid concentration in females receiving Eucalyptus oil at 1000 mg/kg bw/day. Urea concentration was high and triglyceride concentration was low in males receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day. These changes may be associated with the microscopic changes to the liver and kidneys.
Eucalyptus oil orally administered to male rats at all doses resulted in hyaline droplet nephropathy in the kidneys, accompanied by tubular casts and/or tubular degeneration/regeneration. Hyaline droplet nephropathy in the kidneys of male rats is caused by accumulation of alpha 2 microglobulin (produced by the male rat liver) in the proximal tubules, which leads to subsequent damage and regeneration of the tubular epithelium. It has been reported with a number of organic chemicals but it appears to be a male, rat-specific toxicological response that has no counterpart in man (for reviews see Hard et al 1993, Swenberg 1993). The absence of any tubular injury in the test article treated females supports the conclusion that the tubular degeneration is secondary to the male specific hyaline droplet accumulation.
Treatment at all dose levels also resulted in centrilobular hepatocytic hypertrophy in the liver of males and an increase in glycogenic vacuolation in the liver of females. Minimal centrilobular hepatocytic hypertrophy of the male livers associated with liver weight increase is considered an adaptive change likely associated with microsomal enzyme induction. A slight increase in the incidence and severity of glycogenic vacuolation in the test article treated female livers compared with controls may be partially responsible for the liver weight increase. Although centrilobular hepatocytic hypertrophy was not recorded in the females, a minimal diffuse hypertrophy could account for the liver weight increase in this sex, but would be difficult to detect histologically. The liver changes are considered not adverse.
There were no microscopic correlates for the decrease in spleen weight and the increase in adrenal weight of the 1000 mg/kg/day females.
Under the test condition, the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) were considered to be:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day for systemic toxicity (female), based on lower body weight gain and food consumption during gestation. Both findings appeared to be associated with pregnancy status. It was not possible to link this effect to the taste of the substance since females had shown a significant duration of normal bodyweight and food performance prior to Day 6 of gestation and after birth of the pups. These latter observations appeared to indicate recovery in females.
- 1000 mg/kg bw/day for systemic toxicity (males) since hyaline droplet nephropathy observed at all dose levels is considered to be rat specific and to have no counterpart in man.
None
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
Reference
- Endpoint:
- short-term repeated dose toxicity: oral
- Remarks:
- Dose Range Finder
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 3 October - 5 November 2012
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Preliminary study used as range-finder experiment for a OECD 422 screening test
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Range-finder experiment for an OECD guideline 422 study, where clinical condition, bodyweight, food consumption, water consumption, organ weight and macropathology investigations were undertaken in male and female rats exposed to test substance by oral gavage for 2 weeks.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Remarks:
- generally followed GLP principles, however no specific study-related QA procedures were performed
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- other: Crl:CD (SD)
- Sex:
- male/female
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- corn oil
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- no
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 14 days
- Frequency of treatment:
- Once daily
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day
Basis:
actual ingested - No. of animals per sex per dose:
- Three
- Control animals:
- no
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: clinical signs (salivation) at 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day and increased liver weight at 1000 mg/kg bw/day
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 100 - 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- other: dose-related increased liver and kidney weights were observed in males at all doses
- Remarks on result:
- not determinable
- Remarks:
- no NOAEL identified
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Under the test conditions, the LOAEL and NOAEL in female rats could be considered as 300 and 100 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, based on the clinical signs at 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day and increased liver weight at 1000 mg/kg bw/day. As dose-related increased liver and kidney weights were observed in males at all doses, no NOAEL could be identified in this study. The LOAEL in male rats could be considered as 100 mg/kg bw/day.
None of the effects observed in this study preclude the use of 1000 mg/kg bw/day in a subsequent OECD 422 screening study. Doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg bw/day would be suitable as low and intermediate levels to establish dose response relationships for any treatment-related effects observed. - Executive summary:
In a repeated dose toxicity, dose range-finding study, groups of Crl:CD(SD) rats (3/sex/dose) received Eucalyptus oil at doses of 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day in corn oil, daily by oral gavage for 14 days. Animals were then observed for mortality, clinical condition, bodyweight, food consumption, water consumption, organ weight and macropathology examinations.
No mortality occurred during the study. Effects attributed to eucalyptus oil included post dosing salivation in isolated females receiving 300 or 1000 mg/kg bw/day, transient bodyweight loss and low food consumption in males receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day during Days 1-5. Post life assessment indicated liver and kidney weights which increased with increasing dose level in males, but high liver weights only in females receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day. This sign was also observed as enlarged liver in one male and two females receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day. Thickening of the mammary tissue was observed in two or one males receiving 300 or 1000 mg/kg bw/day and one female receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day.
Under the test conditions, the LOAEL and NOAEL in female rats could be considered as 300 and 100 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, based on the clinical signs at 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day and increased liver weight at 1000 mg/kg bw/day. As dose-related increased liver and kidney weights were observed in males at all doses, no NOAEL could be identified in this study. The LOAEL in male rats could be considered as 100 mg/kg bw/day.
None of the effects observed in this study preclude the use of 1000 mg/kg bw/day in a subsequent OECD 422 screening study. Doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg bw/day would be suitable as low and intermediate levels to establish dose response relationships for any treatment-related effects observed.
CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY:
- No mortality occurred during the study.
- Post dosing reaction was limited to salivation in isolated females receiving 300 or 1000 mg/kg bw/day.
- Clinical signs were minor and did not indicate an association with the test material.
BODY WEIGHT AND WEIGHT GAIN:
- Males receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day showed group mean bodyweight loss for the period Days 1-5, individual responses were variable with one male showing marked weight loss, one male showing bodyweight stasis and the third showing good weight gain.
- Bodyweight gain from Day 5 in males and in females throughout the study showed no adverse reaction to the test material, though it was noted that females receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day gained more weight during Days 5-12 of study.
FOOD CONSUMPTION:
- From Day 1 of study a general decrease in food consumption from pre-treatment values across all groups was observed and attributed to the nutritional value of the corn oil vehicle.
- Food consumption in males receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day during the period Day 1-4 showed a larger reduction from pre-treatment levels than the 100 and 300 mg/kg bw/day groups, indicating an effect of treatment. No effect of treatment was apparent after Day 5.
WATER CONSUMPTION:
- On three occasions throughout the study females receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day were noted to have consumed more water than the other cages, on a single occasion males receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day were noted to have high water consumption.
ORGAN WEIGHT:
- Group mean liver and kidney weights for males increased with increasing dose level.
- Females receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day showed higher liver weights than those females receiving 100 or 300 mg/kg bw/day.
GROSS PATHOLOGY:
- The liver of one male and two females receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day was enlarged. Thickening of the mammary tissue was also observed in two or one males receiving 300 or 1000 mg/kg bw/day and one female receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 013
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: OECD Guideline 422 (Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test)
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Eucalyptus globulus, ext.
- EC Number:
- 283-406-2
- EC Name:
- Eucalyptus globulus, ext.
- Cas Number:
- 84625-32-1
- Molecular formula:
- Not relevant for a UVCB substance.
- IUPAC Name:
- Essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae) obtained from leaves and branches by distillation
- Test material form:
- liquid
1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- other: Crl:CD(SD)
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River (UK) Limited
- Age of F0 animals at study initiation: Approximately 70 days
- Weight of F0 animals at study initiation: Males: 342-390 g; Females: 232-276 g
- Housing: No. of animals per cage - Males: acclimatisation, pre pairing and post pairing - up to 5 animals; Females: acclimatisation and pre pairing - up to 5 animals; During pairing - one male and one female; Gestation - one female; Lactation: one female + litter. Cages comprised of a polycarbonate body with a stainless steel mesh lid; changed at appropriate intervals. Solid (polycarbonate) bottom cages were used during the acclimatisation, pre-pairing, gestation, littering, lactation and maturation periods. Grid bottomed cages were used during pairing. These were suspended above absorbent paper which was changed daily during pairing.
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): SDS VRF1 Certified pelleted diet, ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): Potable water from the public supply via polycarbonate bottles with sipper tubes, ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 5 days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature: 19-23 °C
- Humidity: 40-70 %
- Air changes: Filtered fresh air which was passed to atmosphere and not recirculated.
- Photoperiod: 12 h dark / 12 h fluorescent light
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- corn oil
- Details on exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
- The required amount of test material, for each formulation was pre-weighed into suitable containers. Approximately 50 % of the final volume of vehicle was added to the test material and magnetically stirred. This formulation was then made up to the required volume using further quantities of the vehicle and mixed until visually homogenous. Each concentration was formulated in ascending order using the same method for preparation. The test substance was used as supplied. All formulations were prepared freshly each week and were stored refrigerated (nominally 4 °C).
VEHICLE
- Concentration in vehicle: 25, 75 and 250 mg/mL
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 4 mL/kg bw/day - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- - Before treatment commenced, the suitability of the proposed mixing procedure was determined and specimen formulations at 1 and 250 mg/mL were analysed to assess the homogeneity and stability of the test material in the liquid matrix. Samples of each formulation prepared for administration in Weeks 1 and 5 of treatment were analysed for achieved concentration of the test substance. The homogeneity and stability was confirmed for Eucalyptus Oil in Corn oil formulations at nominal concentrations of 1 mg/mL and 250 mg/mL for up to1 day at ambient temperature storage and refrigerated storage for up to 15 days.
Results:
- The homogeneity and stability was confirmed for Eucalyptus Oil in Corn oil formulations at nominal concentrations of 1 mg/mL and 250 mg/mL during distribution between the bottles, during magnetic stirring for 2 hours, ambient temperature storage for 1 day and refrigerated storage for up to 15 days. In addition, the stability of discrete 1 mL samples was confirmed following refrigerated storage for 15 days.
- The mean concentrations of Eucalyptus Oil in test formulations analysed for the study was within +10 %/-15 % of nominal concentrations, confirming accurate formulation. - Details on mating procedure:
- - M/F ratio per cage: 1: 1
- Pairing commenced: After 2 weeks of treatment for males and females
- Length of cohabitation: Up to 2 weeks
- Proof of pregnancy: Presence of sperm within the vaginal smear and/or ejected copulation plugs referred to as Day 0 of pregnancy.
- Male/female separation: Day when mating evidence was detected.
- Pre-coital interval: Calculated for each female as the time between first pairing and evidence of mating. - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- - F0 males were treated for two weeks before pairing up to necropsy after a minimum of five weeks.
- F0 females were treated daily for two weeks before pairing, throughout pairing and gestation until
Day 6 of lactation. - Frequency of treatment:
- Once daily, at approximately the same time each day.
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Dose / conc.:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Dose / conc.:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Dose / conc.:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale: Dose levels were selected based on the results of preliminary study (Study No.: RAJ0012). In that study doses up to 1000 mg/kg bw/day, the limit dose for OECD 422 studies, were well tolerated.
- Rationale for animal assignment: Randomly allocated on arrival. Using the sequence of cages in the battery, one animal at a time was placed in each cage with the procedure being repeated until each cage held the appropriate number of animals.
Examinations
- Maternal examinations:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Animals were inspected visually at least twice daily for evidence of ill-health or reaction to treatment. Cages were inspected daily for evidence of animal ill-health amongst the occupant(s). During the acclimatisation period, observations of the animals and their cages were recorded at least once per day.
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Daily during the first week of treatment, weekly from Week 2 for all F0 animals and on Days 0, 6, 13 and 20 of gestation and Days 1 and 6 of lactation for F0 females. Viability check was performed near the start and end of each working day. Before treatment commenced and during each week of treatment and for females during the Gestation phase on Days 0, 6, 13 and 20 and during the Lactation phase on Days 1 and 6, detailed physical examination and arena observations were performed on each animal.
NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: Yes
- Time schedule: Sensory reactivity and grip strength assessments were performed (before dosing) on the five lowest numbered surviving males in each group during Week 5 of treatment and on the five lowest numbered lactating females in each group at Days 4-6 of lactation. During Week 5 of treatment for males and at Days 4-6 of lactation for females, the motor activity of the five lowest numbered surviving males and the five lowest numbered lactating females in each group was measured (before dosing).
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations:
F0 males: Before dosing on the day that treatment commenced, weekly thereafter and on the day of necropsy. F0 females: Before dosing on the day that treatment commenced, weekly thereafter prior to positive mating evidence. Days 0, 6, 13 and 20 after mating and Days 1, 4 and 7 of lactation.
FOOD CONSUMPTION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: F0 males: Weekly until paired for mating. Food consumption was not recorded during pairing (Week 3) and then recommenced in Week 4. F0 females: Weekly until paired for mating. Days 0-5, 6-12, 13-19 after mating and Days 1-3 and 4-6 of lactation.
HAEMATOLOGY AND CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: Week 2 prior to pairing. The five lowest numbered surviving F0 males and females per group.
- Animals fasted: Yes, overnight fasting
- Animals were held under light general anaesthesia induced by isoflurane. Blood samples were withdrawn from the sublingual vein.
- Haematology parameters: Haematocrit, Haemoglobin concentration, Erythrocyte count (RBC), Absolute reticulocyte count, Percentage reticulocyte count, Mean cell haemoglobin, Mean cell haemoglobin concentration, Mean cell volume, Red cell distribution width, Total leucocyte count, Differential leucocyte count: Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes, Large unstained cells, Platelet count, Morphology: Anisocytosis, Macrocytosis, Microcytosis, Hypochromasia, Hyperchromasia, Prothrombin time and Activated partial thromboplastin time.
- Blood Chemistry parameters: Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Total bilirubin, Bile acids, Urea, Creatinine, Glucose, Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Chloride (Cl), Calcium (Ca), Inorganic phosphorus, Total protein, Albumin and Albumin/globulin ratio (A/G Ratio).
PARTURITION OBSERVATIONS AND GESTATION LENGTH:
- Duration of gestation: Time elapsing between the detection of mating and commencement of parturition.
- Parturition observations: From Day 20 after mating, females were inspected three times daily for evidence of parturition. The progress and completion of parturition was monitored, numbers of live and dead offspring were recorded and any difficulties observed were recorded.
Estrous cyclicity
- Dry smears: Daily smears were taken for 15 days before pairing, using cotton swabs moistened with saline. Smears were subsequently examined to establish the duration and regularity of the oestrous cycle.
- Wet smears: After pairing with the male, daily smearing was continued using pipette lavage, until evidence of mating was observed.
Sperm parameters
No data
Postmortem examinations
SACRIFICE
- F0 males: After Week 5 investigations completed.
- F0 females: Scheduled kill - Day 7 of lactation; Failing to produce viable litter - Day 25 after mating
- Method of sacrifice: F0 animals were killed by Carbon dioxide asphyxiation with subsequent exsanguination.
GROSS NECROPSY
- All F0 animals were subject to a detailed necropsy. All external features and orifices were examined visually. Any abnormality in the appearance or size of any organ and tissue (external and cut surface) was recorded and the required tissue samples preserved in appropriate fixative. In addition all F0 females had the number of uterine implantation sites recorded.
HISTOPATHOLOGY / ORGAN WEIGHTS
- The organs weighed, tissue samples fixed and sections examined microscopically are detailed in table 7.8.1/1 and 7.8.1/2.
- Routine staining: Sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin; in addition samples of the testes were stained using a standard periodic acid Schiff (PAS) method.
- Tissues were routinely preserved in 10 % Neutral Buffered Formalin with the exception of Testes in modified Davidson’s fluid; Eyes In Davidson’s fluid. - Fetal examinations:
- PARAMETERS EXAMINED
- Clinical observations: Examined at approximately 24 h after birth (Day 1 of age) and then daily thereafter for evidence of ill health or reaction to treatment; these were on an individual offspring basis or for the litter as a whole, as appropriate.
- Litter size: Daily records were maintained of mortality and consequent changes in litter size from Days 1-7 of age.
- Sex ratio: The sex ratio of each litter was recorded on Days 1, 4 and on Day 7 of age.
- Individual offspring bodyweights: F1 offspring - Days 1, 4 and 7 of age.
Postmortem examinations
SACRIFICE:
- F1 offspring scheduled kill: Day 7 of age
- Method of sacrifice: Intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbitone
GROSS NECROPSY
- All F1 offspring were examined externally; any offspring found to be externally abnormal were also examined internally. Where possible, sporadic deaths in early neonates were also examined internally, including an assessment of stomach for milk content. - Statistics:
- 'Any other information on materials and methods incl. tables”.
- Indices:
- Reproductive indices
Mating Performance and Fertility:
- Percentage mating = (Number animals mating x 100) / Animals paired
- Conception rate (%) = (Number animals achieving pregnancy x 100) / Animals mated
- Fertility index (%) = (Number animals achieving pregnancy x 100) / Animals pairing Gestation length
- Gestation index (%) = (Number of live litters born x 100) / Number pregnant
Offspring viability indices
Survival indices:
- Post-implantation survival index (%) = (Total number of offspring born x 100) / Total number of uterine implantation sites
- Live birth index (%) = (Number of live offspring on Day 1 after littering x 100) / Total number of offspring born
- Viability index (%) = (Number of live offspring on Day 4 before culling x 100) / Number live offspring on Day 1 after littering
- Lactation index (%) = (Number of live offspring on Day 7 after littering x 100) / Number live offspring on Day 4
Sex ratio:
- Percentage males = (Number of males in litter x 100) / Total number of offspring in litter
Results and discussion
Results: maternal animals
General toxicity (maternal animals)
- Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY
- After dosing during the first week of study animals receiving Eucalyptus oil at 1000 mg/kg bw/day displayed signs of under activity and unsteady muscle reactions. Females receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day also displayed chin rubbing and salivation; salivation was also recorded in females receiving 300 mg/kg bw/day.
- One pregnant female receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day was found dead on Day 15 after mating. This death was not attributed to treatment. - Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- BODY WEIGHT
- Bodyweight gain of females at all dose levels during the first two weeks of dosing was variable, no dose trends were apparent. During gestation, bodyweight gain was lower than Control in females receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day, statistical significant differences to the Control were apparent in absolute and bodyweight gain values from Day 6 of gestation. On Day 1 of lactation absolute bodyweight was statistically lower than Control reflecting the low gains during gestation however following superior bodyweight gain statistical significance was no longer present on Day 7 of lactation. - Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- FOOD CONSUMPTION
- Food consumption appeared slightly low for females receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day during Week 1 of study, and significantly low during Days 6-19 of gestation and Days 4-6 of lactation. - Haematological findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- HAEMATOLOGY
- The haematological investigations conducted during Week 2 of dosing showed high lymphocyte, basophil, monocyte and large unstained cell counts (resulting in an associated increase in total white blood cell counts) in females receiving 300 or 1000 mg/kg bw/day, compared with Controls, however these findings lacked any dose-relationship trend, were not apparent in males and are considered not to be adverse at the degree observed. - Description (incidence and severity):
- BLOOD CHEMISTRY
- Biochemical analysis of blood plasma during Week 2 of dosing showed high alanine amino transferase activity and bile acid concentration in females at 1000 mg/kg bw/day. - Behaviour (functional findings):
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION
- There were no changes associated with the test material during sensory reactivity, grip strength and motor activity assessments. - Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- ORGAN WEIGHTS
- Dose related higher liver weights were observed. Adrenal weights were high in females at 1000 mg/kg bw/day.
- Low adjusted spleen weight attained statistical significance for females in all dose groups; however no dose trend was apparent. The uterus (including uterine cervix and oviducts) weight in females receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day was statistically higher than control though this was considered not adverse at the degree observed. - Gross pathological findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- GROSS PATHOLOGY
- no treament related findings in females. - Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- HISTOPATHOLOGY
- Changes related to treatment with Eucalyptus oil were seen in the liver of females.
- Liver: Glycogenic vacuolation was recorded in all treated female groups but not in control females. These findings are probably partially responsible for the increased weight of the liver in the Eucalyptus oil treated animals.
- All other microscopic findings were considered incidental and unrelated to the test article. - Other effects:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE
- Reproductive assessments on oestrous cycles, mating performance and fertility, gestation length and parturition observations and reproductive performance did not detect any adverse effects of treatment.
Maternal developmental toxicity
- Changes in pregnancy duration:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- The gestation length of animals receiving Eucalyptus oil was within the concurrent control range. A small shift in the proportions of animals, receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day, with gestation length from 22 to 22.5 days was noted however this did not attain statistical significance, though it may be associated with the lower bodyweight gain in these females during gestation. Offspring weights on Day 1 of age were similar across all groups and all females which gave birth successfully reared offspring to Day 7 of lactation.
Effect levels (maternal animals)
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Based on effects on bodyweight, food consumption.
Maternal abnormalities
- Key result
- Abnormalities:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Localisation:
- not specified
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Effects on bodyweight and food consumption during gestation
Results (fetuses)
- Fetal body weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Bodyweights of male and female offspring on Day 1 of age were similar to Control. Subsequent bodyweight gain of male and female offspring derived from Dams receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day was low and by Day 4 of age absolute bodyweight of this group was also significantly lower than Control.
- Reduction in number of live offspring:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no significant effects of the test material on offspring survival indices.
- Changes in sex ratio:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no significant effects of the test material on sex ratio.
- Changes in litter size and weights:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no significant effects of the test material on litter size.
- External malformations:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- - macropathology: There were no findings attributed to treatment for offspring examined before or at scheduled termination.
- Skeletal malformations:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- - macropathology: There were no findings attributed to treatment for offspring examined before or at scheduled termination.
- Visceral malformations:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- - macropathology: There were no findings attributed to treatment for offspring examined before or at scheduled termination.
Effect levels (fetuses)
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Based on offspring bodyweight gain and clinical signs.
- Remarks on result:
- other:
- Remarks:
- The effects on offspring body weight were not selective and have been observed at a dose producing maternal toxicity and therefore the substance was not considered to be a selective reproductive toxicant.
Fetal abnormalities
- Key result
- Abnormalities:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Localisation:
- other: Body weight gain
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Body weight gain 27-28% lower than Control, likely related to maternal toxicity
Overall developmental toxicity
- Key result
- Developmental effects observed:
- yes
- Lowest effective dose / conc.:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Treatment related:
- yes
- Relation to maternal toxicity:
- developmental effects as a secondary non-specific consequence of maternal toxicity effects
- Dose response relationship:
- not specified
- Relevant for humans:
- not specified
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Under the test condition, the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) were considered to be 300 mg/kg bw/day for developmental toxicity, however, the effects on offspring body weight were not selective and have been observed at a dose producing maternal toxicity and therefore the substance was not considered to be a selective developmental toxicant.
- Executive summary:
In a Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test conducted according to OECD Guideline 422 and in compliance with GLP, Eucalyptus oil was administered to groups of Crl:CD(SD) rats at 0, 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day by oral (gavage). The F0 males were treated for two weeks before pairing up to necropsy after a minimum of five weeks. The F0 females were treated daily for two weeks before pairing, throughout pairing, gestation and lactation until the day prior to termination on Day 6 of lactation. During the study, data was recorded on mortality, clinical signs, behavioural assessments, body weight change, food consumption, haematology, blood chemistry, oestrous cycle, mating performance, fertility and gestation length. All animals were subjected to a gross necropsy examination, selected organs were weighed and histopathological evaluation of selected tissues was performed. The clinical condition of offspring, litter size and survival, sex ratio and offspring bodyweight were assessed and macroscopic pathology investigations were undertaken.
Maternal toxicity: One female receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day was found dead on Day 15 after mating, this death was not attributed to treatment. During the first week of dosing, animals receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day displayed transient post dosing signs of under activity and unsteady muscle reactions. Females receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day also displayed chin rubbing and salivation; salivation was also recorded in females receiving 300 mg/kg bw/day. Detailed physical and arena observations, sensory reactivity, grip strength or motor activity assessments of the animals did not detect any changes attributed to the test material. During gestation bodyweight gain and food consumption was low in females receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day. Food consumption remained low for females receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day during lactation. Changes in haematology parameters were considered not to be adverse at the degree observed. Biochemical analysis of blood plasma during Week 2 of dosing showed high alanine amino transferase activity and bile acid concentration in females receiving Eucalyptus oil at 1000 mg/kg bw/day. These changes may be associated with the microscopic changes to the liver.
Treatment at all dose levels also resulted in an increase in glycogenic vacuolation in the liver of females. A slight increase in the incidence and severity of glycogenic vacuolation in the test article treated female livers compared with controls may be partially responsible for the liver weight increase. Although centrilobular hepatocytic hypertrophy was not recorded in the females, a minimal diffuse hypertrophy could account for the liver weight increase in this sex, but would be difficult to detect histologically. The liver changes are considered not adverse. There were no microscopic correlates for the decrease in spleen weight and the increase in adrenal weight of the 1000 mg/kg/day females.
Developmental toxicity: A slightly high incidence of cold to touch was observed in litters derived from parents receiving Eucalyptus oil 1000 mg/kg bw/day. There were no significant effects of the test material on litter size, offspring survival indices or sex ratio. Bodyweight of offspring on Day 1 of age was similar to Control but bodyweight gain of offspring derived from parents receiving 1000 mg/kg/day was low (ca. 27-28% lower than Control). There were no macroscopic findings attributed to treatment for offspring examined before or at scheduled termination.
Under the test condition, the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) were considered to be:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day for systemic toxicity (female), based on lower body weight gain and food consumption during gestation. Both findings appeared to be associated with pregnancy status. It was not possible to link this effect to the taste of the substance since females have shown normal bodyweight for a long period of time and food performance prior to Day 6 of gestation and after birth of the pups. These latter observations appeared to indicate recovery in females.
- 300 mg/kg bw/day for developmental toxicity, lower offspring bodyweight gain and clinical signs (pups cold to touch) was also observed at 1000 g/kg bw/day. However, the effects on offspring body weight were not selective and have been observed at a dose producing maternal toxicity and therefore the substance was not considered to be a selective developmental toxicant.
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