tetraammine platinum (II) hydrogen carbonate

Endpoint summary

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Genetic toxicity in vitro

Description of key information

In an OECD Test Guideline 471 (Ames) study, to GLP, tetraammineplatinum(II) hydrogen carbonate induced an increase in mutation frequency in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA1537 both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation (S9), as well as a weak mutagenic effect in strain TA100. No evidence of mutagenicity was apparent in strains TA1535, TA1538 or TA98 (Thompson, 1995).

 

Similarly, in a subsequent OECD guideline 471 (Ames) study, to GLP, tetraammineplatinum(II) hydrogen carbonate induced an increase in mutation frequency in S. typhimurium strain TA1537, both in the presence and absence of S9. No evidence of mutagenicity was apparent in strains TA1535, TA98 or TA100, when tested at up to the limits of solubility (Honarvar, 1997).

 

In an OECD Test Guideline 476 mouse lymphoma assay, tetraammineplatinum(II) hydrogen carbonate induced statistically significant and dose-related increases in the mutant frequency at the TK +/- locus in L5I78Y cells in the presence and absence of S9, and was considered to be mutagenic under the conditions of the test. However, it was suggested that the mutagenic response was possibly due, or partly due, to a reaction between the test material and the vehicle (DMSO) (Durward, 1998a). In a repeat of this assay, with water as the vehicle, tetraammineplatinum(II) hydrogen carbonate induced a statistically significant dose-related increase in the mutant frequency in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells in the presence of S9 (Durward, 1998b).

 

In an OECD Test Guideline 473 study, conducted to GLP, tetraammineplatinum(II) diacetate did not induce chromosome aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro, both in the absence and presence of S9 (Ciliutti et al., 2007). As part of the same study, tetraammineplatinum(II) diacetate did not induce chromosome aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro, in the presence of S9 (Ciliutti et al., 2008).

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Remarks:

Type of genotoxicity: gene mutation

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Study period:

8 February 1995 to 24 March 1995

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study with acceptable restrictions

Remarks:

Reasonable-quality study, with a deviation from the current relevant OECD guideline with regards to bacterial strains tested.

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)

Deviations:

no

Remarks:

However, current guideline also recommends testing in a strain that can detect cross-linking mutagens, e.g. TA102 or E. coli WP2 uvrA

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method B.13/14 (Mutagenicity - Reverse Mutation Test Using Bacteria)

Deviations:

no

Remarks:

However, current guideline also recommends testing in a strain that can detect cross-linking mutagens, e.g. TA102 or E. coli WP2 uvrA

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Type of assay:

bacterial reverse mutation assay

Target gene:

Those for histidine biosynthesis

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100

Additional strain / cell type characteristics:

not applicable

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium TA 1538

Additional strain / cell type characteristics:

not applicable

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

Rat liver S9 from Aroclor 1254-induced male Sprague-Dawley rats

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

Experiments 1 and 2: 0, 50, 150, 500, 1500 and 5000 µg/plate

Vehicle / solvent:

- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: Polyethylene glycol 400

- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: “The test material… was found to be insoluble in water, DMSO, acetone, THF, ethanol, DMF and methanol. PEG 400 is an acceptable vehicle for use in the Ames test.”

Untreated negative controls:

no

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

N-ethyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine

Remarks:

3 µg/plate for TA100 with S9; 5 µg/plate for TA1535 with S9

Untreated negative controls:

no

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

9-aminoacridine

Remarks:

80 µg/plate for TA1537 with S9

Untreated negative controls:

no

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

other: 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine

Remarks:

5 µg/plate for TA1538 with S9

Untreated negative controls:

no

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide

Remarks:

0.2 µg/plate for TA98 with S9

Untreated negative controls:

no

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

other: 2-aminoanthracene

Remarks:

1 µg/plate for TA100 without S9; 2 µg/plate for TA1535 and TA1537 without S9; 0.5 µg/plate for TA1538 and TA98 without S9

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

METHOD OF APPLICATION: in agar (plate incorporation)

DURATION
- Exposure duration: ~48 hours

OTHER:
- Limiting factor for top concentration tested: Maximum recommended concentration

Evaluation criteria:

For a substance to be considered positive in this test system, it should have induced a dose-related and statistically significant increase in mutation rate in one or more strains of bacteria in the presence and/or absence of the S9 microsomal enzymes in both experiments at sub-toxic dose levels. If the two experiments give conflicting results or equivocal results are obtained, then a third experiment could be used to confirm the correct response.

To be considered negative the number of induced revertants compared to spontaneous revertants should be less than twofold at each dose level employed.

Statistics:

All data were statistically analysed using the methods recommended by the UKEMS [United Kingdom Environmental Mutagen Society] ,and normally Dunnett's method of linear regression was used to evaluate the result (Kirkland DJ (Ed) (1989). Statistical evaluation of mutagenicity test data. UKEMS Sub-committee on Guidelines for Mutagenicity Testing. Report - Part III. Cambridge University Press).

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1537

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

positive

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not applicable

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 100

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

ambiguous

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not applicable

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium, other:

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not applicable

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES: The dose range of the test material used in the preliminary toxicity study was 0, 50, 150, 500, 1500 and 5000 µg/plate. The test material was non-toxic.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CYTOTOXICITY: In the main mutation studies, no toxicity was exhibited to any of the strains of Salmonella used.

OTHER:
The results of the checks for characteristics, viability and spontaneous reversion rate for each tester strain were all found to be satisfactory.

Remarks on result:

other: strain/cell type: TA1535, TA1538, TA98

Remarks:

Migrated from field 'Test system'.

Conclusions:

In an OECD Test Guideline 471 study, to GLP, tetraammineplatinum hydrogen carbonate induced an increase in mutation frequency in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA1537 both in the presence and absence of S9, as well as a weak mutagenic effect in strain TA100. No evidence of mutagenicity was apparent in strains TA1535, TA1538 or TA98.

Executive summary:

The mutagenic potential of tetraammineplatinum(II) hydrogen carbonate was assessed in a reverse bacterial mutagenicity assay, conducted according to OECD Test Guideline 471 and to GLP. The test substance was assessed in five Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98 and TA100)

 

Five dose levels were tested in triplicate, both in the presence and absence of a rat liver metabolising system (S9); the dose range of 50 to 5000 µg/plate was selected on the basis of a preliminary toxicity assay. The entire experiment was repeated on a separate day using fresh cultures of the bacterial strains and fresh chemical formulations.

 

A dose-related, reproducible and statistically significant increase in the frequency of revertant colonies was recorded for bacterial strain TA1537 both with and without S9. An ambiguously inconsistent and weak mutagenic effect was observed with bacterial strain TA100; no mutagenicity was observed in the other strains tested, either with or without S9.

 

In conclusion, tetraammineplatinum(II) hydrogen carbonate induced gene mutations in S. typhimurium strain TA1537 as well as a weak mutagenic effect in strain TA100, and is therefore considered to be mutagenic under the conditions of this bacterial reverse mutation assay.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

adverse effect observed (positive)

Genetic toxicity in vivo

Description of key information

The in vivo genotoxicity of tetraammineplatinum dichloride, as evaluated by its ability to induce micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes and to cause DNA damage, was assessed in a study following OECD 474 and 489 and according to GLP. Male Wistar rats (5/group) were given gavage doses of 250, 500 or 1000 mg/kg bw/day of the test item on three consecutive days. Comet analyses were conducted on preparations of liver, glandular stomach, duodenum and kidney tissues.

There was no evidence of an increase in the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes. There was no increase in % tail intensity in the liver, glandular stomach or duodenum. 

There was a statistically significant and dose-related increase (p < 0.001) in DNA damage seen in the analysis of the kidney tissue. The tail intensity in animals dosed with 500 mg/kg bw/day was 14.56%, and in animals receiving 1000 mg/kg bw/day was 12.59%. However, these tail intensity values fell within the 95% confidence limits of the historical control data (upper limit 25.55%). Histopathological examination of the tissues did not reveal evidence of toxicity. As such, this finding was considered to be equivocal evidence of a genotoxic effect (Eurlings, 2020).

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed (negative)

Mode of Action Analysis / Human Relevance Framework

In in vitro bacterial mutation assays, tetraammineplatinum(II) hydrogen carbonate induced frameshift mutations in S. typhimurium strain TA1537 with and without S9, indicating a potential to intercalate with DNA.

 

Tetraammineplatinum(II) hydrogen carbonate was positive in two OECD 476 mouse lymphoma assays, with colony sizing suggesting a clastogenic mode of action.

Additional information

Only certain in vitro and no in vivo genotoxicity data were identified for tetraammineplatinum(II) hydrogen carbonate. However, a number of genotoxicity studies (including in vitro and in vivo) were identified for tetraammineplatinum(II) diacetate and dichloride. Tetraammineplatinum diacetate and dichloride are considered to fall within the scope of the read-across category "tetraammineplatinum(II) salts". See section 13 in IUCLID for full read-across justification report.

Tetraammineplatinum dichloride was tested (at up to 1 mg/plate) for mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98 and TA100. Dose-related increases in mutant frequency were observed in strains TA1537, TA98 and TA100, both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation (Bootman and Lodge, 1980a).

 

When tested for mutagenic activity in S. typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1538, in the absence of metabolic activation, tetraammineplatinum dichloride induced a positive response in strain TA98 alone (Suraikina et al., 1979).

 

Tetraammineplatinum dichloride was non-mutagenic in a limited Ames test in two strains (TA98 and TA100) of Salmonella typhimurium [the actual doses tested are unclear] (Uno and Morita, 1993).

 

In a limited Ames test, tetraammineplatinum dichloride was not mutagenic in a single strain of Salmonella typhimurium (TA100) when tested solely in the absence of metabolic activation (LeCointe et al., 1979).

 

In an OECD Test Guideline 476 mouse lymphoma assay, tetraammineplatinum (II) hydrogen carbonate induced statistically significant and dose-related increases in the mutant frequency at the TK +/- locus in L5I78Y cells in the presence and absence of metabolic activation, and was considered to be mutagenic under the conditions of the test. However, it was suggested that the mutagenic response was possibly due, or partly due, to a reaction between the test material and the vehicle (DMSO) (Durward, 1998a). In a repeat of this assay, with water as the vehicle, tetraammineplatinum (II) hydrogen carbonate induced a statistically significant dose-related increase in the mutant frequency in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells in the presence of metabolic activation (Durward, 1998b).

 

In a published study, tetraammineplatinum dichloride was not mutagenic in a gene mutation assay in Chinese hamster ovary cells when tested up to toxic concentrations in the absence of metabolic activation (Johnson et al., 1980).

 

More recently, in an OECD Test Guideline 490 in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation assay, to GLP, tetraammine platinum dichloride induced mutations at the tk locus of L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells when tested at up to cytotoxic concentrations for 3 hours in the absence and presence of S9 and for 24 hours in the absence of S9 (Lloyd, 2017).

 

In an OECD Test Guideline 473 study, conducted to GLP, tetraammineplatinum diacetate did not induce chromosome aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro, both in the absence and presence of metabolic activation (Ciliutti et al., 2007). As part of the same study, tetraammineplatinum diacetate did not induce chromosome aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro, in the presence of metabolic activation (Ciliutti et al., 2008).

 

No increase in sex-linked recessive lethal mutations was observed in the progeny of Drosophila melanogaster following oral administration of tetraammineplatinum dichloride at concentrations of 64 or 320 µg/kg bw/day (Bootman and Lodge, 1980b).

 

Tetraammineplatinum dichloride showed no evidence of clastogenicity in an in vivo assay for chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells when administered to Chinese hamsters at up to 1000 mg/kg bw/day for 5 consecutive days (Bootman and Rees, 1981).

 

Further, no evidence of clastogenicity was apparent in an in vivo micronucleus assay in mice after a single dose of up to 5000 mg tetraammineplatinum dichloride/kg bw (Bootman and Whalley, 1980).

 

In a combined in vivo micronucleus test and Comet assay in rats, tetraammineplatinum dichloride administered by gavage at doses of 250, 500 or 1000 mg/kg bw/day for three days did not cause an increased incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes. Treatment also gave no evidence of DNA damage in the liver, glandular stomach or duodenum when assessed by the Comet procedure. Analysis of the kidney tissue showed evidence of a statistically-significant and dose-related increase in % tail intensity. However, this increase fell within the historical control ranges and was therefore considered as equivocal evidence of a genotoxic effect (Eurlings, 2020).

 

Tetraammine platinum hydrogen carbonate did not induce any marked or toxicologically significant increases in the incidence of cells undergoing unscheduled DNA synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes following in vivo exposure to 700 or 2000 mg/kg bw for 2 and 16 hours and was considered to be non-genotoxic under the conditions of this study (Durward, 1999).

 

Tetraammineplatinum diacetate and hydrogen carbonate are considered to fall within the scope of the read-across category "tetraammineplatinum(II) salts". See section 13 in IUCLID for full read-across justification report.

 

Several Expert Groups have assessed the toxicity profile of platinum, and various platinum compounds, including the assessment of CMR properties. All reviews have indicated that platinum compounds have been reported to be mutagenic in vitro (DECOS, 2008; EMA, 2008; SCOEL, 2011; WHO, 1991). Cisplatin and related compounds are known DNA-reactive carcinogens and, as these compounds are better investigated due to their pharmaceutical properties, this has been confirmed in vivo. As cisplatin-type substances differ in chemical reactivity (lability of ligands, number of active sites etc.) it is reasonable to expect that not all forms of platinum are carcinogenic (DECOS, 2008). Limited experimental data on reproductive toxicity and carcinogenicity for other platinum compounds give no evidence of activity that would meet classification criteria (DECOS, 2008; SCOEL, 2011).

 

Following the generally positive in vitro results identified for the tetraammineplatinum compounds in various bacterial/mammalian cell mutagenicity assays (supported by some mammalian cell cytogenicity tests) and the unclear in vivo relevance of these in vitro findings, a combined in vivo micronucleus test and Comet assay in rats (with tetraammineplatinum dichloride) did not cause an increased incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes and gave no evidence of DNA damage in the liver, glandular stomach or duodenum when assessed by the Comet procedure. However, analysis of the kidney tissue showed evidence of a statistically-significant and dose-related increase in % tail intensity. Nevertheless, this increase fell within the historical control ranges and was therefore considered as equivocal evidence of a genotoxic effect (Eurlings, 2020).

 

References

DECOS (2008). Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Standards. Platinum and Platinum Compounds. Health-based recommended occupational exposure limit.Gezondheidsraad, 2008/12OSH. https://www.gezondheidsraad.nl/en/publications/gezonde-arbeidsomstandigheden/platinum-and-platinum-compounds-health-based-recommended

 

EMA (2008). European Medicines Agency. Guideline on the specification limits for residues of metal catalysts or metal reagents. Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP). EMEA/CHMP/SWP/4446/2000. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2009/09/WC500003586.pdf

 

SCOEL (2011). Recommendation from the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits for platinum and platinum compounds.SCOEL/SUM/150. http://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=7303&langId=en

 

WHO (1991). World Health Organization. Platinum. International Programme on Chemical Safety. Environmental Health Criteria 125. http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc125.htm#SectionNumber:7.4

 

Justification for classification or non-classification

Based on the existing data set, tetraammineplatinum(II) hydrogen carbonate does not currently meet the criteria for classification as a germ cell mutagen under EU CLP criteria (EC 1272/2008).