Registration Dossier

β-fructofuranosidase is not considered to be toxic to reproduction.

Reference

Endpoint:: screening for reproductive / developmental toxicity
Data waiving:: study scientifically not necessary / other information available
Justification for data waiving:: other:
Species:: rat

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

There are no experimental data available for toxicity of β-fructofuranosidase (CAS 9001-57-4). It must be noted however that β-fructofuranosidase is produced by a classical strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has a long history of safe use in food applications globally. Read-across from an appropriate analogue substance endoxylanase (CAS 9025-57-4) is conducted in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006, Annex XI, 1.5 in order to fulfil the standard information requirements defined in Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006, Annex VII and VIII.Data from the read-across substances indicate a low toxicological activity. There was no evidence of classification relevant toxicity seen in any of the tests available for the following endpoints: acute oral and inhalative toxicity, skin and eye irritation, genetic toxicity and repeated dose toxicity (oral route).

From the toxicokinetic information available, it can be concluded that the bioavailability of enzymes is low due to the fact that no significant absorption can be expected through the respiratory and/or gastrointestinal tract and/or through the skin [1]. Exposure to enzymes will be limited because of the DMEL (derived minimum exposure levels) settings for workers, professionals and consumers to prevent respiratory allergy (supported by exposure scenarios and DMEL values) [2]. Apart from the irritation potential of some proteases, respiratory allergy is generally considered to be the only human health hazard of enzymes indicating that this is the most

sensitive endpoint considering enzyme toxicity. Concentrations that are not expected to result in respiratory allergy will certainly not result in any other toxic effect [3]. This conclusion is substantiated by the material that follows.

Although endocrine disrupting chemicals are a broad group of chemicals consisting of man-made and natural compounds it is unlikely that enzymes have the potential to cause endocrine disruption. The enzymatic structure is different from any endocrine disrupter known to date [4].Indeed, enzymes are much larger than endocrine disrupters in general excluding mechanisms such as direct action on hormone receptors [EDSTAC (Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee, US EPA), [5]. Due to the high biodegradability of enzymes, it is highly unlikely that they could reach target organs or sites to any significant amount or of any significant period of time. Testing of enzymes in currently available screening assays typically based on hormone receptor binding cannot be expected to provide any evidence for endocrine disruption due to the specific features of enzymes.

Data from acute and subchronic oral toxicity studies provide evidence that enzymes are of very low toxicological activity [6-59]. Typically, the derived NOAEL values are significantly higher than the maximum doses applied. None of the oral toxicity studies performed by members of the consortium in the past 40 years, as well as published data from other studies revealed any effect that indicates that enzymes could have an adverse effect on the reproduction system in males or females. Both proteolytic and non-proteolytic enzymes have been investigated for their teratogenic and reproductive toxicity potential. Several of these studies have been published in peer reviewed articles[28;33;37; 60].

Enzymes have been produced and used for many years without any evidence for reproductive potential in humans. OEL for workers is set to be 60ng/m3 to protect against respiratory sensitization. Considering that endocrine disrupting chemicals in general are a factor of 100 000 less potent than physiologically relevant hormones[61], the low worker exposure to enzymes due to rigorous application of airborne limit and very low exposure to consumers (below 15ng/m3, which is the highest known consumer exposure and only the case when using pre-spotters[62]and the low bioavailability together with the high biodegradability of enzymes, no reproductive toxicity effect can be expected in humans. Furthermore, enzymes have been used for decades to treat pancreatic insufficiency in both children and adults without any evidence of reproductive toxicity[63].

In conclusion, toxicokinetic data together with the enzymatic structure and the weight of evidence from animal studies and human exposure provide no evidence for reproductive toxicity of enzymes.

References

[1]Enzyme REACH Consortium - Data waiving argumentation for technical enzymes (December 2017, ERC/18/001)

[2] D.A. Basketter, C. Broekhuizen, M. Fieldsend, S. Kirkwood, R. Mascarenhas, K. Maurer, C. Pedersen, C. Rodriguez & H.E. Schiff: Defining occupational and consumer exposure limits for enzyme protein respiratory allergens under REACH, Toxicology 268: 165-170, 2010.

[3] Basketter D., Berg N., Broekhuizen C., Fieldsend M., Kirkwood S., Kluin C., Mathieu S. and Rodriguez C. Enzymes in Cleaning Products: An Overview of Toxicological Properties and Risk Assessment/Management. 2012a. Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol, 64/1: 117-123.

[4] Whaley,D.A., Keyes,D., and Khorrami,B. (2001) Incorporation of endocrine disruption into chemical hazard scoring for pollution prevention and current list of endocrine disrupting chemicals. Drug and Chemical Toxicology an International Journal for Rapid Communication 24, 359-420

[5] Hong,H., Tong,W., Fang,H., Shi,L., Xie,Q., Wu,J., Perkins,R., Walker,J.D., Branham,W., and Sheehan,D.M. (2002) Prediction of estrogen receptor binding for 58,000 chemicals using an integrated system of a tree-based model with structural alerts. Environmental Health Perspectives 110, 29-36

[6] Laake,K. (1980) ENZYMIC DRUGS. Side Effects of Drugs Annual 222-225

[7] Ahmad,S.K., Brinch,D.S., Friis,E.P., and Pedersen,P.B. (2004) Toxicological studies on Lactose Oxidase from Microdochium nivale expressed in Fusarium venenatum. Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP 39, 256-270

[8] Amalfitano,A., Bengur,A.R., Morse,R.P., Majure,J.M., Case,L.E., Veerling,D.L., Mackey,J., Kishnani,P., Smith,W., Vie-Wylie,A., Sullivan,J.A., Hoganson,G.E., Phillips,J.A., Schaefer,G.B., Charrow,J., Ware,R.E., Bossen,E.H., and Chen,Y.T. (2001) Recombinant human acid alpha-glucosidase enzymetherapy for infantile glycogen storage disease type II: Results of a phase I/II clinical trial. Genetics in Medicine 3, 132-138

[9] Andersen,J.R., Diderichsen,B.K., Hjortkjaer,R.K., De Boer,A.S., Bootman,J., West,H., and Ashby,R. (1987) DETERMINING THE SAFETY OF MALTOGENIC AMYLASE PRODUCED BY RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY. Journal of Food Protection 50, 521-526

[10] Ankel,E.G., Zirneski,J., Ring,B.J., and Holcenberg,J.S. (1984) Effect of asparaginase on cell membranes of sensitive and resistant mouse lymphoma cells. In Vitro 20, 376-384

[11] Ashby,R., Hjortkjaer,R.K., Stavnsbjerg,M., Gurtler,H., Pedersen,P.B., Bootman,J., Hodson-Walker,G., Tesh,J.M., Willoughby,C.R., and Et,A. (1987) SAFETY EVALUATION OF STREPTOMYCES-MURINUS GLUCOSE ISOMERASE. Toxicology Letters (Shannon) 36, 23-36

[12] Bar,A., Krul,C.A.M., Jonker,D., and de,V.N. (2004) Safety evaluation of an alpha-cyclodextrin glycosyltranferase preparation. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 39, S47-S56

[13] Bergman,A. and Broadmeadow,A. (1997) An overview of the safety evaluation of the Thermomyces lanuginosus xylanase enzyme (SP 628) and the Aspergillus aculeatus xylanase enzyme (SP 578). Food additives and contaminants 14, 389-398

[14] Biziulevichius,G.A. and Arestov,I.G. (1997) Safety of lysosubtilin per os in mice, rabbits and calves. Veterinary research 28, 385-395

[15] Brinch,D.S. and Pedersen,P.B. (2002) Toxicological studies on Laccase from Myceliophthora thermophila expressed in Aspergillus oryzae. Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP 35, 296-307

[16] Brinch,D.S. and Pedersen,P.B. (2002) Toxicological studies on Polyporus pinsitus laccase expressed by Aspergillus oryzae intended for use in food. Food additives and contaminants 19, 323-334

[17] Broadmeadow,A., Clare,C., and De Boer,A.S. (1994) An overview of the safety evaluation of the Rhizomucor miehei lipase enzyme. Food additives and contaminants 11, 105-119

[18] Broadwell,A.H., Baumann,L., and Baumann,P. (1990) The 42- and 51-kilodalton mosquitocidal proteins of Bacillus sphaericus 2362: construction of recombinants with enhanced expression and in vivo studies of processing and toxicity. Journal of bacteriology 172, 2217-2223

[19] Bui,Q., Geronian,K., Gudi,R., Wagner,V., Kim,D., and Cerven,D. (2004) Safety evaluation of marmanase enzyme, produced by Bacillus lentus, intended for use in animal feed. International Journal of Toxicology 23, 398

[20] Baer,A., Til,H.P., and Timonen,M. (1995) Subchronic oral toxicity study with regular and enzymatically depolymerized sodium carboxymethylcellulose in rats. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 33, 909-917

[21] Cerven,D., DeGeorge,G., and Bethell,D. (2008) 28-Day repeated dose oral toxicity of recombinant human apo- lactoferrin or recombinant human lysozyme in rats. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 51, 162-167

[22] Ciofalo,V., Barton,N., Kretz,K., Baird,J., Cook,M., and Shanahan,D. (2003) Safety evaluation of a phytase, expressed in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, intended for use in animal feed. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 37, 286-292

[23] Coenen,T.M., Schoenmakers,A.C., and Verhagen,H. (1995) Safety evaluation of beta-glucanase derived from Trichoderma reesei: summary of toxicological data. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 33, 859-866

[24] Coenen,T.M., Aughton,P., and Verhagen,H. (1997) Safety evaluation of lipase derived from Rhizopus oryzae: summary of toxicological data. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 35, 315-322

[25] Coenen,T.M. and Aughton,P. (1998) Safety evaluation of amino peptidase enzyme preparation derived from Aspergillus niger. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 36, 781-789

[26] Coenen,T.M., Bertens,A.M., de Hoog,S.C., and Verspeek-Rip,C.M. (2000) Safety evaluation of a lactase enzyme preparation derived from Kluyveromyces lactis. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 38, 671-677

[27] Cook,M.W. and Thygesen,H.V. (2003) Safety evaluation of a hexose oxidase expressed in Hansenula polymorpha. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 41, 523-529

[28] Deboer,A.S., Marshall,R., Broadmeadow,A., and Hazelden,K. (1993) Toxicological Evaluation of Acetolactate Decarboxylase. Journal of Food Protection 56, 510-517

[29] Durden,D.L. and Distasio,J.A. (1981) Characterization of the effects of asparaginase from escherichia-coli and a glutaminase-free asparaginase from vibrio-succinogenes on specific cell mediated cyto toxicity. International Journal of Cancer 27, 59-66

[30] Elvig,S.G. and Pedersen,P.B. (2003) Safety evaluation of a glucanase preparation intended for use in food including a subchronic study in rats and mutagenicity studies. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 37, 11-19

[31] Gao,C., Zhang,A., Lin,Y., Han,S., and Wang,L. (2007) Relationship between the domain structures of several nuclear receptors and the effect differences of environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology 2, 363-374

[32] Gao,F., Jiang,Y., Zhou,G.H., and Han,Z.K. (2007) The effects of xylanase supplementation on growth, digestion, circulating hormone and metabolite levels, immunity and gut microflora in cockerels fed on wheat-based diets. British Poultry Science 48, 480-488

[33] Greenough,R.J., Everett,D.J., and Stavnsbjerg,M. (1991) Safety evaluation of alkaline cellulase. Food Chem.Toxicol 29, 781-785

[34] Greenough,R.J., Perry,C.J., and Stavnsbjerg,M. (1996) Safety evaluation of a lipase expressed in Aspergillus oryzae. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 34, 161-166

[35] Harbak,L. and Thygesen,H.V. (2002) Safety evaluation of a xylanase expressed in Bacillus subtilis. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 40, 1-8

[36] Harper,A.F., Skaggs,J.H., Veit,H.P., and Kornegay,E.T. (1999) Efficacy and safety of Novo SP938 microbial phytase supplementation of a corn-soybean meal diet fed to growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 77, 174-175

[37] Hjortkjaer,R.K., Bille-Hansen,V., Hazelden,K.P., McConville,M., McGregor,D.B., Cuthbert,J.A., Greenough,R.J., Chapman,E., Gardner,J.R., and Ashby,R. (1986) Safety evaluation of Celluclast, an acid cellulase derived from Trichoderma reesei. Food Chem.Toxicol 24, 55-63

[38] Hjortkjaer,R.K., Stavnsbjerg,M., Pedersen,P.B., Heath,J., Wilson,J.A., Marshall,R.R., and Clements,J. (1993) Safety evaluation of esperase. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 31, 999-1011

[39] 72. Holcenberg,J.S., Borella,L.D., Camitta,B.M., and Ring,B.J. (1979) Human pharmacology and toxicology of succinylated acinetobacter glutaminase asparaginase. Cancer Research 39, 3145-3151

[40] Hytonen,M., Vanhanen,M., Keskinen,H., Tuoni,T., Tupasela,O., and Nordman,H. (1994) Pharyngeal edema caused by occupational exposure to cellulase enzyme. Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 49, 782-784

[41] Janer,G., Hakkert,B.C., Piersma,A.H., Vermeire,T., and Slob,W. (2007) A retrospective analysis of the added value of the rat two-generation reproductive toxicity study versus the rat subchronic toxicity study. Reproductive Toxicology 24, 103-113

[42] Jensen,B.F. and Eigtved,P. (1990) Safety Aspects of Microbial Enzyme Technology, Exemplified by the Safety Assessment of An Immobilized Lipase Preparation, Lipozyme. Food Biotechnology 4, 699-725

[43] Klinge,L., Straub,V., Neudorf,U., and Volt,T. (2005) Enzyme replacement therapy in classical infantile Pompe disease: Results of a ten-month follow-up study. Neuropediatrics 36, 6-11

[44] Klinge,L., Straub,V., Neudorf,U., Schaper,J., Bosbach,T., G÷rlinger,K., Wallot,M., Richards,S., and Voit,T. (2005) Safety and efficacy of recombinant acid alpha-glucosidase (rhGAA) in patients with classical infantile Pompe disease: results of a phase II clinical trial. Neuromuscular disorders : NMD 15, 24-31

[45] Kondo,M., Ogawa,T., Matsubara,Y., Mizutani,A., Murata,S., and Kitagawa,M. (1994) Safety evaluation of lipase G from Penicillium camembertii. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 32, 685-696

[46] Kopetzki,E., Lehnert,K., and Buckel,P. (1994) Enzymes in diagnostics: Achievements and possibilities of recombinant DNA technology. Clinical Chemistry 40, 688-704

[47] Kornegay,E.T., Skaggs,J.H., Denbow,D.M., Larsen,C.T., and Veit,H.P. (1999) Efficacy and safety of Novo SP938 microbial phytase supplementation of a low-P corn-soybean meal diet fed to turkeys. Poultry Science 78, 15

[48]Landry,T.D., Chew,L., Davis,J.W., Frawley,N., Foley,H.H., Stelman,S.J.,

Thomas,J., Wolt,J., and Hanselman,D.S. (2003) Safety evaluation of an alpha-amylase enzyme preparation derived from the archaeal order Thermococcales as expressed in Pseudomonas fluorescens biovar I. Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP 37, 149-168

[49] Lane,R.W., Yamakoshi,J., Kikuchi,M., Mizusawa,K., Henderson,L., and Smith,M. (1997) Safety evaluation of tannase enzyme preparation derived from Aspergillus oryzae. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 35, 207-212

[50] MacKenzie,K.M., Petsel,S.R., Weltman,R.H., and Zeman,N.W. (1989) Subchronic toxicity studies in dogs and in utero rats fed diets containing Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-amylase from a natural or recombinant DNA host. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 27, 599-606

[51] Modderman,J.P. and Foley,H.H. (1995) Safety evaluation of pullulanase enzyme preparation derived from Bacillus licheniformis containing the pullulanase gene from Bacillus deramificans. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 21, 375-381

[52] Ohshita,K., Nakajima,Y., Yamakoshi,J., Kataoka,S., Kikuchi,M., and Pariza,M.W. (2000) Safety evaluation of yeast glutaminase. Food and Chemical Toxicology 38, 661-670

[53] Olempska-Beer,Z.S., Merker,R.I., Ditto,M.D., and DiNovi,M.J. (2006) Food-processing enzymes from recombinant microorganisms--a review. Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP 45, 144-158

[54] Ollenschlaeger,G., Roth,E., Linkesch,W., Jansen,S., Simmel,A., and Moedder,B. (1988) ASPARAGINASE-INDUCED DERANGEMENTS OF GLUTAMINE METABOLISM THE PATHOGENETIC BASIS FOR SOME DRUG-RELATED SIDE EFFECTS. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 18, 512-516

[55] Otamiri,T. (1989) Phospholipase C-mediated intestinal mucosal damage is ameliorated by quinacrine. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 27, 399-402

[56] Zhang,Z.B., Kornegay,E.T., Radcliffe,J.S., Denbow,D.M., Veit,H.P., and Larsen,C.T. (2000) Comparison of genetically engineered microbial and plant phytase for young broilers. Poultry Science 79, 709-717

[57]Zhang,Z.B., Kornegay,E.T., Radcliffe,J.S., Wilson,J.H., Veit,H.P., and Fontenot,J.P. (2000) Comparison of phytase from genetically engineered Aspergillus and canola in weanling pig diets. Journal of Animal Science 78, 2868-2878

[58] Basketter D., Berg N., Broekhuizen C., Fieldsend M., Kirkwood S., Kluin C., Mathieu S. and Rodriguez C. Enzymes in Cleaning Products: An Overview of Toxicological Properties and Risk Assessment/Management. 2012a. Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol, 64/1: 117-123.

[59] Basketter D.; N. Berg; F. Kruszewski; K. Sarlo; B. Concoby. The Toxicology and Immunology of Detergent Enzymes. 2012b. J. Immunotox., 9, 320-326.

[60] Stavnsbjerg,M., Hjortkjaer,R.K., Billehansen,V., Jensen,B.F., Greenough,R.J., McConville,M., Holmstroem,M., and Hazelden,K.P. (1986) Toxicological Safety Evaluation of A Bacillus-Acidopullulyticus Pullulanase. Journal of Food Protection 49, 146-153

[61] Harvey,P.W. and Johnson,I. (2002) Approaches to the assessment of toxicity data with endpoints related to endocrine disruption. Journal of Applied Toxicology 22, 241-247

[62] US SDA. Risk assessment guidance for enzyme-containing products. 2005. Washington, Soap and Detergent Association.

[63] Barak,A., Dulitzki,M., Efrati,O., Augarten,A., Szeinberg,A., Reichert,N., Modan,D., Weiss,B., Miller,M., Katzanelson,D., and Yahav,Y. (2005) Pregnancies and outcome in women with cystic fibrosis. Israel Medical Association journal : IMAJ 7, 95-98

β-fructofuranosidase is not considered to be a developmental toxicant.

Reference

Endpoint:: developmental toxicity
Data waiving:: study scientifically not necessary / other information available
Justification for data waiving:: other:
Species:: rat