Tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylate

Toxicological Summary

Workers - Hazard via inhalation route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)

Value:

1.645 mg/m³

Most sensitive endpoint:

effect on fertility

Route of original study:

Oral

DNEL related information

DNEL derivation method:

ECHA REACH Guidance

Overall assessment factor (AF):

150

Dose descriptor starting point:

NOAEL

Value:

100 mg/kg bw/day

Modified dose descriptor starting point:

NOAEC

Value:

246.8 mg/m³

Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

The oral rat NOAEL of 100 mg/kg bw (Toxicity to reproduction, MHW Japan, 1998) was converted into the inhalation NOAEC:Inhalation NOAEC = oral NOAEL x (1/sRVrat) x (ABS oral-rat/ABS inhal-human) x (6.7 m³/10 m³) x (exposure of animals per week) = 100 mg/kg bw x (1/0.38 m³/kg/day) x (100%/100%) x (6.7/10) x (7/5) = 246.8 mg/m³

AF for dose response relationship:

1

Justification:

default (three doses were tested, using a spacing range of 2-4 fold)

AF for differences in duration of exposure:

6

Justification:

since it is a subacute study

AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):

1

Justification:

No allometric scalling should be applied in case of oral-to-inhalation extrapolation

AF for other interspecies differences:

2.5

Justification:

default; no substance and route specific information on toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic is available for animals and humans

AF for intraspecies differences:

5

Justification:

default for workers

AF for the quality of the whole database:

2

Justification:

since the toxicological data is from read-across approach

AF for remaining uncertainties:

1

Justification:

No remaining uncertainties are identified

Acute/short term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

Acute/short term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

DNEL related information

Workers - Hazard via dermal route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)

Value:

2.3 mg/kg bw/day

Most sensitive endpoint:

effect on fertility

Route of original study:

Oral

DNEL related information

DNEL derivation method:

ECHA REACH Guidance

Overall assessment factor (AF):

600

Dose descriptor starting point:

NOAEL

Value:

100 mg/kg bw/day

Modified dose descriptor starting point:

NOAEL

Value:

1 400 mg/kg bw/day

Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

For the oral rat NOAEL of 100 mg/kg bw (Toxicity to Reproduction, MHW Japan, 1998) the following conversion was necessary:dermal NOAEL = oral NOAEL x (ABS oral-rat/ABS dermal-rat) x (ABS dermal-rat/ABS dermal-human) x (exposure of animals per week) = 100 x (100 %/10%) x (10 %/ 10 %) x (7/5) = 1400 mg/kg bw

AF for dose response relationship:

1

Justification:

default (three doses were tested, using a spacing range of 2-4 fold)

AF for differences in duration of exposure:

6

Justification:

since it is a subacute study

AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):

4

Justification:

default for rats

AF for other interspecies differences:

2.5

Justification:

default; no substance and route specific information on toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic is available for animals and humans

AF for intraspecies differences:

5

Justification:

default for workers

AF for the quality of the whole database:

2

Justification:

since the toxicological data is from read-across approach

AF for remaining uncertainties:

1

Justification:

No remaining uncertainties are identified

Acute/short term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

Acute/short term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

Workers - Hazard for the eyes

Local effects

Hazard assessment conclusion:

low hazard (no threshold derived)

Additional information - workers

The calculation of the DNELs for tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylate (CAS 3126-80-5) is performed in accordance with the principles given in ECHA (2012) “Guidance of Information Requirements and Chemical Safety Assessment, Chapter R.8: Characterisation of dose [concentration]-response for human health.”

 

 Available dose descriptors:

There are data available for the read-across source substance tris(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate (CAS 3319-31-1) on irritating (Gilman, 1981b) and sensitisation (Gilman, 1981d) potential as well as on acute oral and dermal toxicity (Gilman, 1981a, Shellenberger, 1981), repeated dose oral toxicity 28 days (28 day oral:MHW, 1996b) and sub-acute toxicity to reproduction (MHW Japan, 1998) and supporting information for tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylate (CAS No 3126-80-5). Please refer to read-across justification in toxikokinetics section for rational.

 

Acute/short-term exposure – systemic effects (dermal DNEL):

There are acute studies available for a structural analogue of the test substance. However, there are acute oral and dermal studies in rats and also dermal irritation studies in rabbits. The results show that the substance is non-toxic by ingestion and by skin contact; no remarkable systemic toxicity is reported. Oral LD50 values LD50 > 2,000 mg/kg bw/day and dermal LD50 values LD50 > 2000 mg/kg bw/day were reported.

The DNEL for acute systemic effects by the dermal route is unnecessary since the long-term DNEL covers sufficiently the risk of short-term exposure, so no DNEL for acute systemic effects needs to be derived.

 

Acute/short-term exposure – systemic effects (inhalation DNEL):

No acute inhalation study is available for the substance. However, the tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylate is not expected to pose an inhalation hazard due to its low vapour pressure (0.00209 Pa at 25 °C). Therefore an acute exposure hazard via inhalation route is not relevant and no DNEL is derived. The long-term DNELs are sufficient to ensure that acute effects do not occur.

 

Acute/short-term exposure – local effects (dermal DNEL):

The source substance tris(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate is not irritating to the skin of rabbits after 24-hour application of test material. LD50 values above 2000 were reported for the structural analogue of tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylate in the dermal studies. Thus, the short-term dermal DNEL needs not to be derived and is sufficiently covered by the long-term DNEL for systemic and local effects.

 

Acute/short-term exposure – local effects (inhalation DNEL):

The tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylate substance does not pose an airborne hazard, due to its low vapour pressure. The long-term inhalation DNEL for systemic effects covers sufficiently local effects.

 

Long-term exposure – systemic effects (dermal DNEL):

A 28 day repeated dose study and a 46 day screening study for reproductive toxicity (MHW Japan 1998) on oral exposure is available for the structural analogue tris(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate.. However the long-term systemic DNEL for the dermal route has been derived from the NOAEL of an oral subacute one-generation reproductive toxicity study in rats with the tris(2-ethylhexyl)benzene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate. A NOAEL of 100 mg/kg bw/day was established. The starting point for the DNEL derivation is the oral NOAEL (route-to-route extrapolation necessary).

 

Long-term exposure – systemic effects (inhalation DNEL):

There are no dose-response and route-specific information on repeated dose toxicity via inhalation. The substance does not pose a hazard for humans by the inhalation route of exposure. The inhalation DNEL can be derived from the oral NOAEL of 100 mg/kg bw established in the oral one-generation study in rats by route-to-route extrapolation.

 

Long-term exposure – local effects (dermal DNEL):

No dermal DNEL for local effects is needed since the substance is not expected to be irritating or sensitising to the skin. A DNEL is not quantifiable and not relevant. Local effects are covered sufficiently by the long-term DNEL for systemic effects.

 

Long-term exposure – local effects (inhalation DNEL):

No long-term inhalation DNEL for local effects is needed since tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylate substance is not expected to be irritating or sensitising to respiratory system. Local effects are covered sufficiently by the long-term DNEL for systemic effects.

For the other non-threshold endpoints (mutagenicity, eye and skin irritation/corrosion) no DNELs can be derived because no No-Observed-Effect-Level could be established from the relevant studies. However, any hazard does not exist as no classification of tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylate was necessary.

 

Modification of the starting point:

From all available data on the tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylate and its structural analogue substance tris(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate for the different human health endpoints, it is clear that the substance exerts its effects by a threshold mode of action. Thus, DNELs can be calculated for the different threshold endpoints based on the most relevant dose descriptors per endpoint. DNELs are derived based on the available toxicity data for the target reflecting the routes, the duration and the frequency of exposure. DNELs are derived for workers and the general population. The general population includes consumers and humans exposed via the environment.

 

Bioavailability (absorption):

There is a study similar to OECD TG 417 on the structural analogue tri-(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate via oral route available. Conclusions on metabolism following the interpretation of the authors: The substance is only partially hydrolysed in the gastro-intestinal tract to 2-ethylhexanol and the corresponding di-ester and, following further hydrolysis, the mono-ester. Hydrolytic evidence indicated that only 2-ethylhexanol and a single isomer of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate was absorbed. Following absorption, 2-ethylhexanol was extensively oxidatively metabolized and excreted. The in vitro dermal absorption of tris(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate was measured using full-thickness skin samples (see toxicokinetic statement). It was concluded that the test did not indicate any systemic bioavailability after dermal exposure to tris(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate. No substance-specific experimental information on absorption by the inhalation route is available. The absorption rates are assessed based on the physico-chemical properties and on the effects observed in treated animals in the available studies.

 

Oral absorption:

Due to the molecular weight of 702.5 g/mol, a logPow of 6.01, low water solubility (1 mg/L at 20°C) together with the very slight effects found at the highest dose levels in the subacute study and in the one-generation study in rats, absorption via the oral route is considered to be slight to moderate for the substance (for the detailed information on absorption please refer to section "Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution" of this CSR or section 7.1 of IUCLID file). The test data on the structural analogue does also reveal slight absorption via the oral route. The physico-chemical properties of the substance are not in range suggestive of significant absorption from the gastro-intestinal tract. Nonetheless the oral absorption is set to 100% as a worst case approach. The oral absorption is considered to be the same in animals and in humans (worst-case).

 

Dermal absorption:

No significant dermal absorption is expected for the tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylate, as outlined in the in vitro assay on dermal absorption (see toxicokinetic statement). The log Pow of 6.01, the water solubility of < 1 mg/L and the molecular weight of 702.5 g/mol point to a poor absorption through the skin. According to the TGD, Part I, Appendix IV, and ECHA guidance R.7C, 2014, 10% of dermal absorption can be considered in this case, since the criteria for molecular weight and Log Pow are met (MW above 500 g/mol and log Pow > 4). Moreover, a critical assessment of all available data (toxicity effects in the available studies and physicochemical properties) should be taken into account before using default assumptions (ECETOC, TR No. 110). The absorption after dermal exposure is generally more gradual and slower than oral absorption and a lower bioavailability is expected due to the presence of the absorption hindering outer skin layer stratum corneum and a comparatively smaller surface area. Schuhmacher et al. recommended that a low dermal penetration (< 10%) can be assumed for substances with a logPow value >5 or for substances with a Kp value <0.0001 (cm/h). (Schumacher et al., 2003). Hence a dermal absorption of 10% is assumed.

Dermal absorption in rats, rabbits and in humans is assumed to be the same since no information for dermal absorption of tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylate in humans is available.

 

 Reference:

1.      Schuhmacher-Wolz U., Kalberlach F., Oppl R., van Hemmen J.J. (2003).A toolkit for dermal risk assessment: toxicological approach for hazard characterization. Ann. Occup. Hyg., Vol 47 No.8, pp. 641 -652.

 

 Inhalation absorption

Absorption by inhalation is considered to be negligible (low vapour pressure of 0.00209 Pa at 25°C) and not to be higher than absorption by oral route. However, 100% absorption is assumed for inhalation route and considered to be equal in rats and in humans since no substance specific information is available and worst-case assumption should be made for route-to-route extrapolation according to ECHA guidance R.8, 2012.

 

Route-to-route extrapolation:

Oral-to-inhalation extrapolation is performed to obtain a long-term inhalation NOAEC for systemic effects. The following formula was used: corrected inhalatory NOAEC = oral NOAEL x (1/sRVrat) x (ABSoral-rat/ABSinh-human) x (6.7 m³/10 m³) where sRV is standard respiratory volume of rats during 8 hours (= 0.38 m³/kg/day); ABS-absorption and 6.7 m³ and 10 m³ are standard respiratory volumes for workers under normal conditions and by light activity.

Oral-to-dermal extrapolation is performed to obtain long-term dermal NOAEL for systemic effects. The following formula was used: corrected dermal NOAEL = oral NOAEL * (ABS oral-rat/ABS dermal-rat) * (ABS dermal-rat/ ABSs dermal-human), where ABS is absorption.

 

 Exposure conditions:

No modification of the starting points for exposure conditions was necessary since the systemic dose after oral administration of the test material was already assessed in respiratory volume taken for rats during 8 h (0.38m³).

Differences in the respiratory volumes between experimental animals and humans were used when an oral rat NOAEL from the subacute oral combined repeated dose toxicity study in rats was used to assess inhalation exposure in humans. 0.38 m³/kg/day is the standard respiratory volumes in rats during 8h exposure. 6.7 and 10 m³ are standard respiratory volumes for workers under normal conditions and by light activity, respectively.

 

Applying of assessment factors and calculation of DNELs:

The assessment factors have been applied to the corrected starting point to obtain the endpoint specific DNELs. Assessment factors (AFs) correct uncertainties and variability within and between species in the effect data.

 

Interspecies differences:

The species-specific default assessment factor of 4 for allometric scaling for rats was applied in the case of employment of the oral NOAEL from the subacute oral toxicity to reproduction study in rats , which was used to derive the dermal long-term DNEL.

No allometric scaling factor was applied when the oral NOAEL from the toxicity to reproduction study in rats was used for the derivation of inhalation long-term DNEL. An assessment factor of 2.5 was applied for remaining interspecies differences in toxicodynamics between rat and human in all cases.

 

Intraspecies differences:

An assessment factor of 5 was applied for workers for all endpoints and for all exposure routes.

 

Extrapolation of duration:

An assessment factor of 6 was applied for duration of exposure (subacute study).

 

Quality of whole data base:

An assessment factor of 2 was used since the toxicological data is from read-across approach.

 

Issues related to dose response:

A default assessment factor of 1 was applied when the NOAEL from the subacute oral one-generation reproductive toxicity study was used.

 

Calculation of DNELs:

 

Long-term exposure – systemic effects (dermal DNEL):

For the oral rat NOAEL of 100 mg/kg bw the following conversion was necessary:

dermal NOAEL = oral NOAEL x (ABS oral-rat/ABS dermal-rat) x (ABS dermal-rat/ABS dermal-human) x (exposure of animals per week) = 100 x (100 %/10%) x (10 %/ 10 %) x (7/5) = 1400 mg/kg bw

 

DNEL = 1400 mg/kg bw/(4 x 2.5 x 5 x 6 x 2 x 1) = 2.3 mg/kg bw. Assessment factors are: 4 – interspecies, 2.5 – remaining interspecies differences, 5 – intraspecies, 6 – study duration (subacute study), 1 – dose response, 2 – quality of data base. The total AF amounts to 600.

 

Long-term exposure – systemic effects (inhalation DNEL):

The oral rat NOAEL of 100 mg/kg bw was converted into the inhalation NOAEC:

Inhalation NOAEC = oral NOAEL x (1/sRVrat) x (ABS oral-rat/ABS inhal-human) x (6.7 m³/10 m³) x (exposure of animals per week) = 100 mg/kg bw x (1/0.38 m³/kg/day) x (100%/100%) x (6.7/10) x (7/5) = 246.7 mg/m³

 

DNEL = 246,7 mg/m³/(2.5 x 5 x 6 x 2 x 1)= 1.645 mg/m³. Assessment factors are: 2.5 – remaining interspecies differences, 5 – intraspecies, 6 – study duration (subacute study), 1 – dose response, 2 – quality of data base. The total AF amounts to 150.

 

Selected DNELs

DNEL systemic dermal = 2.3 mg/kg bw

DNEL systemic inhalation = 1.645 mg/m³

General Population - Hazard via inhalation route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)

Value:

0.247 mg/m³

Most sensitive endpoint:

effect on fertility

Route of original study:

Oral

DNEL related information

DNEL derivation method:

ECHA REACH Guidance

Overall assessment factor (AF):

300

Dose descriptor starting point:

NOAEL

Value:

100 mg/kg bw/day

Value:

74 mg/m³

Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

The oral NOAEL of 100 mg/kg bw was converted into the inhalation NOAEC:

Corrected inhalation NOAEC = oral rat NOAEL x (1/1.35 m³/kg bw/day) x (ABS oral-rat/ABS inhal-human), where 1.35 is the standard respiratory volume (m³/kg bw) of rats during 24 h exposure (according to Functionalities of IUCLID 6 DNEL calculator) , ABS is absorption (values are the same as described for workers).

Corrected Inhalation NOAEC = 100 mg/kg bw x (1/1.35 m³/kg/day) x (100%/100%) = 74.07 mg/m³

AF for dose response relationship:

1

Justification:

default (three doses were tested, using a spacing range of 2-4 fold)

AF for differences in duration of exposure:

6

Justification:

since it is a subacute study

AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):

1

Justification:

No allometric scalling should be applied in case of oral-to-inhalation extrapolation

AF for other interspecies differences:

2.5

Justification:

default; no substance and route specific information on toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic is available for animals and humans

AF for intraspecies differences:

10

Justification:

default for general population

AF for the quality of the whole database:

2

Justification:

since the toxicological data is from read-across approach

AF for remaining uncertainties:

1

Justification:

No remaining uncertainties are identified

Acute/short term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

Acute/short term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

DNEL related information

General Population - Hazard via dermal route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)

Value:

0.83 mg/kg bw/day

Most sensitive endpoint:

effect on fertility

Route of original study:

Oral

DNEL related information

DNEL derivation method:

ECHA REACH Guidance

Overall assessment factor (AF):

1 200

Dose descriptor starting point:

NOAEL

Value:

100 mg/kg bw/day

Modified dose descriptor starting point:

NOAEL

Value:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day

Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

For the oral rat NOAEL of 100 mg/kg bw the following conversion was necessary:

dermal NOAEL = oral NOAEL x (ABS oral-rat/ABS dermal-rat) x (ABS dermal-rat/ABS dermal-human) = 1000 mg/kg bw

AF for dose response relationship:

1

Justification:

default (three doses were tested, using a spacing range of 2-4 fold)

AF for differences in duration of exposure:

6

Justification:

since it is a subacute study

AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):

4

Justification:

default factor for rats

AF for other interspecies differences:

2.5

Justification:

default; no substance and route specific information on toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic is available for animals and humans

AF for intraspecies differences:

10

Justification:

default for general population

AF for the quality of the whole database:

2

Justification:

since the toxicological data is from read-across approach

AF for remaining uncertainties:

1

Justification:

No remaining uncertainties are identified

Acute/short term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

Acute/short term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

General Population - Hazard via oral route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)

Value:

0.083 mg/kg bw/day

Most sensitive endpoint:

effect on fertility

Route of original study:

Oral

DNEL related information

DNEL derivation method:

ECHA REACH Guidance

Overall assessment factor (AF):

1 200

Dose descriptor starting point:

NOAEL

Value:

100 mg/kg bw/day

Modified dose descriptor starting point:

NOAEL

Value:

100 mg/kg bw/day

Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

Not applicable: oral study and oral exposure

AF for dose response relationship:

1

Justification:

(three doses were tested, using a spacing range of 2-5 fold)

AF for differences in duration of exposure:

6

Justification:

since it is a subacute study

AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):

4

Justification:

default for rats

AF for other interspecies differences:

2.5

Justification:

default; no substance and route specific information on toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic is available for animals and humans

AF for intraspecies differences:

10

Justification:

default for general population

AF for the quality of the whole database:

2

Justification:

since the toxicological data is from read-across approach

AF for remaining uncertainties:

1

Justification:

No remaining uncertainties are identified.

Acute/short term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

DNEL related information

General Population - Hazard for the eyes

Local effects

Hazard assessment conclusion:

low hazard (no threshold derived)

Additional information - General Population

The principles of the DNEL calculation for the general population are the same as already described for workers. However, there are additional considerations or deviations for:

Modification of the starting point:

Bioavailability (absorption):

The oral absorption in rats and in humans is assumed to be the same since no information for oral absorption for target chemical in rats and in humans is available.

Respiratory volumes:

Adaptions in the respiratory volumes under normal conditions and by light activity in humans were taken into account. A default respiratory volume of 1.35 m³/kg bw for rats (general poulation) was used to convert dermal NOAEL into inhalation NOAEC, referring to 24h exposure instead of 8h (worker).

Applying of assessment factors:

A higher assessment factor of 10 (in place of 5 for workers) for intraspecies variation/differences of human population was used.

Calculation of endpoint-specific DNELs for general population

Long-term exposure - systemic effects (oral):

The oral NOAEL of 100 mg/kg bw had not to be converted.

The oral NOAEL of 100 mg/kg bw was not modified for differences in absorption by oral route since no substance- and route specific information is available: Oral NOAEL rat = oral NOAEL human = 100 mg/kg bw.

DNEL = 100 mg/kg bw/(4 x 2.5 x 10 x 6 x 2 x 1) = 0.083 mg/kg bw. Assessment factors are: 4 – interspecies, 2.5 – remaining interspecies differences, 10 – intraspecies, 6 – study duration, 1 – dose response (clear dose response), 2 – quality of data base (default).The total AF amounts to 1200.

Long-term exposure - systemic effects (dermal):

For the oral rat NOAEL of 100 mg/kg bw the following conversion was necessary:

dermal NOAEL = oral NOAEL x (ABS oral-rat/ABS dermal-rat) x (ABS dermal-rat/ABS dermal-human) = 1000 mg/kg bw

DNEL = 1000 mg/kg bw/(4 x 2.5 x 10 x 6 x 2 x 1)= 0.83 mg/kg bw. Assessment factors are: 4 – interspecies, 2.5 – remaining interspecies differences, 10 – intraspecies, 6 – study duration (subacute study), 1 – dose response, 2 – quality of data base. The total AF amounts to 1200.

Long-term exposure - systemic effects (inhalation):

The oral NOAEL of 100 mg/kg bw was converted into the inhalation NOAEC:

Corrected inhalation NOAEC = oral rat NOAEL x (1/1.35 m³/kg bw/day) x (ABS oral-rat/ABS inhal-human), where 1.35 is the standard respiratory volume (m³/kg bw) of rats during 24 h exposure (according to Functionalities of IUCLID 6 DNEL calculator) , ABS is absorption (values are the same as described for workers).

Corrected Inhalation NOAEC = 100 mg/kg bw x (1/1.35 m³/kg/day) x (100%/100%) = 74,07 mg/m³

DNEL =74.07 mg/m³/(2.5 x 10 x 6 x 2 x 1) = 0.247 mg/m³. Assessment factors are: 2.5 – remaining interspecies differences, 10 – intraspecies, 6 – study duration, 1 – dose response (clear dose response), 2 – quality of data base (default). The total AF amounts to 300.

Selected DNELs

DNEL systemic oral = 0.083 mg/kg bw

DNEL systemic dermal = 0.83 mg/kg bw

DNEL systemic inhalation = 0.247 mg/m³