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Developmental toxicity / teratogenicity

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Administrative data

Endpoint:
developmental toxicity
Type of information:
migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
not stated
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: Comparable to guideline study without detailed documentation (publication). The study is a read across from 1-docosanol (CAS 661-19-8).
Cross-reference
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
reference to same study

Data source

Reference
Reference Type:
review article or handbook
Title:
The toxicity of behenyl alcohol: II. Reproduction studies in rats and rabbits
Author:
Iglesias G, JJ Hlywka, JE Berg, MH Khalil, LE Pope and D Tamarkin
Year:
2002
Bibliographic source:
Regulatory Tox. and Pharm. 36, 80-85 2002b

Materials and methods

Test guidelineopen allclose all
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
other: ICH Harmonized Tripartite Guideline S5 (R2) for Detection of Toxicity to Reproduction for Medicinal Products & Toxicity to Male Fertility
Deviations:
no
Qualifier:
equivalent or similar to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
Deviations:
yes
Remarks:
(non standard examination of soft tissue and head of foetuses)
GLP compliance:
not specified
Limit test:
no

Test material

Constituent 1
Chemical structure
Reference substance name:
Docosan-1-ol
EC Number:
211-546-6
EC Name:
Docosan-1-ol
Cas Number:
661-19-8
Molecular formula:
C22H46O
IUPAC Name:
docosan-1-ol
Details on test material:
- Name of test material (as cited in study report): behenyl alcohol
- Substance type: saturated 22-carbon, long-chain aliphatic alcohol
- Physical state: solid
- Analytical purity: no data
- Impurities (identity and concentrations): no data
- Composition of test material, percentage of components: no data
- Isomers composition: no data
- Purity test date: no data
- Lot/batch No.: no data
- Expiration date of the lot/batch: no data
- Stability under test conditions: no data
- Storage condition of test material: no data

Test animals

Species:
rabbit
Strain:
New Zealand White
Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Froxfield SPF Rabbits Ltd., UK
- Age at study initiation: 18-26 weeks on arrival
- Weight at study initiation: 3.29-4.98 kg at start of study
- Fasting period before study: no data
- Housing: individually in suspended stainless-steel cages (TR6)
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): standard rabbit diet (Special Diets Services Ltd., UK), ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): public supply, ad libitum
- Acclimation period: >=1 week

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 18
- Humidity (%): 55
- Air changes (per hr): no data
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12 / 12

IN-LIFE DATES: no data

Administration / exposure

Route of administration:
oral: gavage
Vehicle:
other: 1% Tween 80
Details on exposure:
PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
- test material weighed into glass container and heated to ~80 deg C until molten
- vehicle heated to 75 deg C
- test material and vehicle combined using coninuous magnetic stirring, 20% behenyl alcohol
- suspension cooled slowly to <60 deg C
- further cooled to 30 deg C
- slowly homogenized <=2 min
- cooled to room temperature
- 20% suspension prepared weekly
- 20% suspension provided top dose
- mid and low dose prepared on day of use by dilution with vehicle; 20% suspension magnetically stirred prior to removal of aliquots for dilution; dilutions hand swirled prior to magnetic stirring

VEHICLE
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): not stated
- Concentration in vehicle: 20, 2 and 0.2%
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 10 ml/kg bw for vehicle control and top dose groups; 0.625 and 2.5 ml/kg bw for low and mid dose groups respectively
- Lot/batch no. (if required): no data
- Purity: 1%
Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
no
Details on mating procedure:
- Impregnation procedure: cohoused with males of establised fertility
- If cohoused:
- M/F ratio per cage: no data
- Length of cohabitation: no data
- After ... days of unsuccessful pairing replacement of first male by another male with proven fertility: no data
- Further matings after two unsuccessful attempts: no data
- Verification of same strain and source of both sexes: yes
- Proof of pregnancy: not specified, but referred to as day 0 of pregnancy
- Any other deviations from standard protocol: no data
Duration of treatment / exposure:
days 6-19 of gestation
Frequency of treatment:
daily
Duration of test:
females killed on day 29 of gestation
Doses / concentrations
Remarks:
Doses / Concentrations:
125, 500, 2000 mg/kg bw
Basis:
nominal conc.
No. of animals per sex per dose:
22
Control animals:
yes, concurrent vehicle
Details on study design:
Sex: female
Duration of test: 28 days
- Dose selection rationale: based on previous range-finding study
- Rationale for animal assignment (if not random): randomly allocated to the four treatment groups in order of mating "to evenly distribute the mated females among the groups"
- Other:
- approximately 2 weeks prior to arrival of females at testing facility, oestrus synchronised by supplier by intravenous injection of 25 IU luteinizing hormone
- following insemination, females injected intravenously with 25 IU luteinizing hormone to ensure successful ovulation
- examined on day 6 of gestation, prior to dosing, to determine suitability for use in study

Examinations

Maternal examinations:
CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: daily
- Cage side observations included: evidence of reaction to treatment or moribund condition

DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: no data

BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: daily

FOOD CONSUMPTION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: days 1-5, days 6-12, days 13-19, days 20-23, days 24-28

WATER CONSUMPTION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: daily

POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS: yes, macroscopic examination
- Sacrifice on gestation day 29
- Organs examined in addition to uterine contents and ovaries: no data
Ovaries and uterine content:
The ovaries and uterine content was examined after termination: Yes
Examinations included:
- Gravid uterus weight: No data
- Number of corpora lutea: Yes
- Number of implantations: Yes
- Number of early resorptions: Yes
- Number of late resorptions: Yes
- Other:
- Number of viable young: males, females and total
- Distribution of foetusus in each uterine horn
- Uterus of any female presumed non-pregnant stained and examined for implantation sites
Fetal examinations:
- External examinations: Yes: all per litter
- Soft tissue examinations: Yes: all per litter - cervical, thoracic and abdominal cavities dissected and contents examined microscopically
- Skeletal examinations: Yes: all per litter
- Head examinations: Yes: one third per litter
- Other: all per litter
- foetal body weight
- position of foetus in uterus
- placental weight
Statistics:
One-way analysis of variance, t-tests - body weight, body weight change, food and water consumption; Dunnett's or Behren's-Fisher's tests - organ weights; nested analysis of variance, weighted t-tests - foetal and placental weights
Indices:
no data
Historical control data:
no data

Results and discussion

Results: maternal animals

Maternal developmental toxicity

Details on maternal toxic effects:
Maternal toxic effects:no effects

Details on maternal toxic effects:
no effects other than pale faeces in animals of the top dose group

Effect levels (maternal animals)

Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
2 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Basis for effect level:
other: maternal toxicity

Results (fetuses)

Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:no effects

Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
no effects

Effect levels (fetuses)

Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
2 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Basis for effect level:
other: teratogenicity

Fetal abnormalities

Abnormalities:
not specified

Overall developmental toxicity

Developmental effects observed:
not specified

Any other information on results incl. tables

Table 1: Reproductive and developmental parameters

Observation

Dose (mg/kg bw/day)

0

125

500

2000

Animals Assigned (Mated)

22

22

22

22

Animals Pregnant

Pregnancy Rate (%)a

20

91%

19

86%

19

86%

20

91%

Nonpregnant

2

3

3

2

Total litter loss

(%)a

1

10.0%

1

5.3%

1

5.3%

0

0.0%

Corpora Lutea/Dam (mean±SD)

12.8±3.1

12.9±2.2

12.6±3.0

12.2±3.9

Implantations/Dam (mean±SD)

11.4±3.9

11.1±2.6

11.0±3.3

10.6±4.3

Live Fetuses/Dam (mean±SD)

Male (mean±SD)

Female (mean±SD)

10.1±3.7

4.6±2.6

5.5±2.4

9.8±2.1

4.8±1.5

4.9±1.7

9.3b±2.6

3.8±1.5

5.5±2.1

9.0±3.8

4.7±2.2

4.3±2.5

Resorptions/Dam (mean±SD)

Early (mean±SD)
Late (mean±SD)

1.4±1.2

0.4±0.6

1.0±1.0

1.3±1.2

0.3±0.5

1.1±1.0

1.7±1.3

0.4±0.6

1.2±1.1

1.6±1.2

0.7±0.8

0.9±0.9

Preimplantation Loss (%)

10.4

14.2

13.9

13.5

Postimplantation Loss (%)

12.1

12.0

15.2

14.7

aCalculated for this table

bIncludes one foetus not sexed at necropsy

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:
In a reliable study, conducted according to a protocol similar to OECD guideline 414, the NOAEL for maternal toxicity, teratogenicity and foetotoxicity in rabbits, was 2000 mg/kg/day (highest dose tested). The study was performed in compliance with GLP. The result is a read across from 1-docosanol (CAS 661-19-8).