Lanthanum trinitrate

Repeated dose toxicity: oral

Administrative data

Endpoint:

short-term repeated dose toxicity: oral

Remarks:

combined repeated dose and reproduction / developmental screening

Type of information:

migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

30-10-2012 - 05-04-2013

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: see 'Remark'

Remarks:

Well documented GLP study performed according to OECD Guideline 422. Well documented GLP study performed according to OECD Guideline 422 with the read-across substance lanthanum acetate. The read-across justification is added in Section 13 of IUCLID. A maximal reliability score of 2 (reliable with restrictions) is assigned because the study has been used for read-across purposes in this dossier.

Cross-reference

Cross-reference 1

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to same study

Cross-reference 2

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to other study

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

study report

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

2013

Report date:

2013

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 422 (Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test)

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Limit test:

no

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

Lanthanum(3+) acetate

EC Number:

213-034-8

EC Name:

Lanthanum(3+) acetate

Cas Number:

917-70-4

IUPAC Name:

lanthanum triacetate

Details on test material:

- Name of test material (as cited in study report): Lanthanum acetate
- Substance type: White solid
- Physical state: Solid
- Stability under test conditions: stability of test item in vehicle: up to 8 days
- Storage condition of test material: At room temperature (20°±5°C) away from direct sunlight

Test animals

Species:

rat

Strain:

other: RccHan: WIST(SPF)

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Harlan Laboratories, B.V.
- Age at study initiation: 11 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: males: 337 to 379 g (mean 361 g); females: 185 to 221 g (mean 198 g)
- Fasting period before study: no data
- Housing: In groups of five in Makrolon type-4 cages during the first days of acclimatization and then individually in Makrolon type-3 cages with wire mesh tops and sterilized standard softwood bedding with paper enrichment. During the pre-pairing period, cages with males were interspersed amongst those holding females to promote the development of regular estrus cycles.
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 7 days

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 22 ± 3°C
- Humidity (%): 30 - 70%
- Air changes (per hr): 10 to 15 air changes per hour
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12 hour fluorescent light/ 12 hour dark cycle

Administration / exposure

Route of administration:

oral: gavage

Vehicle:

other: bidistilled water

Details on oral exposure:

PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
The dose formulations were prepared weekly.

Based upon the results of dose formulation analyses performed during a non-GLP dose range finding study (Harlan Laboratories Study D57908), the stability of the test item formulations was considered to be sufficient to justify weekly preparation.

Lanthanum acetate was weighed into a glass beaker on a tared precision balance, vehicle was added (w/v) initially stirred with a magnetic stirrer before adding the remaining vehicle and stirring for approximately 30 minutes until homogeneously suspended. Daily aliquots were portioned into glass containers. Separate formulations were prepared for each concentration.

Homogeneity of the test item in the vehicle was maintained during the daily administration period using a magnetic stirrer.

Storage of dose formulations:
Dose formulations were stored at room temperature (20±5 °C) in glass beakers, away from direct sunlight.

Based upon the results of stability analyses performed within the non-GLP Harlan Laboratories study D57910, dose formulations were stable for at least four weeks when stored in these conditions.

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

yes

Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

Stock solutions of lanthanum acetate in purified water were prepared for external standard calibration. Then, the mixture was sonicated for at least 5 minutes and the flask was brought to volume with purified water to yield a solution with a concentration of 452.0 µg/mL (a correction factor of 1.08 was taken into account). Aliquots of this stock standard solution were used to prepare working standard solutions in purified water with a concentration range of 11.30 to 90.41 µg/mL.

Analysis of samples:
The samples received were dissolved in purified water by sonication for at least 5 minutes and then diluted to volume with purified water. Where necessary, sample solutions were further diluted with purified water into the calibration range.

Method of analytical verification: High performance liquid chromatographic determination

Evaluation of results:
Injected samples were quantified by comparing peak areas of lanthanum acetate with reference to the calibration curve. The latter was obtained by correlation of the peak areas of the working standards with their corresponding concentrations [µg/mL], using the linear regression model following equation:
y = a + (b * x)
y = response of lanthanum acetate
a = intercept derived from linear regression of calibration data
b = slope derived from linear regression of calibration data
x = actual concentration of lanthanum acetate in sample aliquot [µg/mL]

Results and conclusion:
The linearity of the analytical system used for sample analyses was demonstrated with a good relationship between peak areas measured and working standard concentrations. All calibration points used met the acceptance limit of ± 20% variation from the calibration curve derived by linear regression analysis. The regression coefficients (R²) calculated were found to be better than 0.99.

The lanthanum acetate peak was assigned in sample chromatograms by comparison to that of working standards. In blank sample chromatograms no peak appeared at the retention time of lanthanum acetate and, therefore, the absence of the test item in the vehicle control samples (bidistilled water) was confirmed.

The application formulations investigated during the study were found to comprise lanthanum acetate in the range of 88.6% to 102.6% and, thus, the required content limit of ± 20% with reference to the nominal content was met. The homogeneous distribution of lanthanum acetate in the preparations was approved because single results found did not deviate more than 4.4% (acceptance criterion: < 15%) from the corresponding mean.

In addition, the test item was found to be stable in application formulations when kept up to eight days at room temperature due to recoveries which met the variation limit of 10% from the time-zero (homogeneity) mean.

In conclusion, the results indicate the accurate use of the test item lanthanum acetate and bidistilled water as vehicle during this study. Application formulations were found to be homogeneously prepared and sufficient formulation stability under storage conditions was approved.

Duration of treatment / exposure:

Males: 46 days
Females: approximately 7 weeks (49 days)

Frequency of treatment:

Once daily

Doses / concentrations

Remarks:

Doses / Concentrations:
0, 110, 330, 1000 mg/kg
Basis:
actual ingested

No. of animals per sex per dose:

12 (plus 2 extra per sex in a reserve group)

Control animals:

yes, concurrent vehicle

Details on study design:

Dose selection rationale:
The dose levels were selected based on a previous dose range-finding toxicity study in Han Wistar rats (Harlan Laboratories study D57908). In this study, lanthanum acetate was administered daily by oral gavage to SPF-bred Wistar rats of both sexes at target dose levels of 193.91, 581.72 or 1939.27 mg/kg bw/day for a period of 14 days. The study included three animals per group and sex. Clinical signs, food consumption and body weights were recorded periodically. All animals were necropsied and examined post mortem.

Results of dose range-finding study:
- Mortality/Viability: All animals survived until scheduled necropsy.

- Clinical signs: There were no clinical signs of toxicity at any dose level. Transient breathing noises were noted in one male at 1939.27 mg/kg bw/day. The remaining males and all females were without clinical signs.

- Food consumption: There was a test item-related reduction in the mean daily food consumption in rats treated at 1939.27 mg/kg bw/day. This finding was more clearly exhibited in the females than in the males.
In males treated with 1939.27 mg/kg bw/day, the mean daily food consumption was -22.8% during days 1 -4 when compared with the control males. This improved to +2.3% and +20.9% during days 4 -7 and 7 -14, respectively. The females at this dose level consumed less feed than the control females: -21.0%, -14.4% and -9.8% during the measurement intervals of days 1 -4, 4 -7 and 7 -14, respectively.
The food consumption of males and females treated with 193.91 mg/kg bw/day or 581.72 mg/kg bw/day were generally similar to those of the controls.

- Body weights: At 1939.27 mg/kg bw/day, clearly reduced mean body weights were noted in males and females on days 4, 7 and 14 of treatment.
The mean body weight gain was marginally lower in males treated with 581.72 mg/kg bw/day at the end of the treatment period when compared with the control males. Females at this dose level had marginally reduced mean body weight gain on days 7 and 14 of treatment.
At 193.91 mg/kg bw/day, the mean body weight gain was generally similar to that of the controls.

- Organ weights: In males treated with 1939.27 mg/kg bw/day, slightly higher mean absolute adrenal weights were noted when compared with the control males. The mean absolute spleen weights of these rats were slightly elevated as well.
At 581.72 mg/kg bw/day, slightly higher mean absolute adrenal weights were noted.
The organ weights of females at all dose levels were similar to those of the controls.

- Macroscopic findings: There were no test-item related macroscopical findings at any dose level.
At 1939.27 mg/kg bw/day, unilateral renal pelvis dilation was noted in one male and reddish foci on the thymus of one female.
At 581.72 mg/kg bw/day, unilateral renal pelvis dilation was noted in one female when compared with controls.
At 193.91 mag/kg bw/day, reddish discoloration of the thymus was seen in one male.

Based on the results of this 14-day dose range-finding study, dose levels of 110, 330 or 1000 mg/kg bw/day are proposed for the subsequent combined repeated dose toxicity study (with the reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test in the Han Wistar Rat) with lanthanum acetate.

Examinations

Observations and examinations performed and frequency:

CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: once daily, during acclimatization and up to day of necropsy

DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: once daily, during acclimatization and up to day of necropsy. Additionally females will be observed for signs of difficult or prolonged parturition, and behavioral abnormalities in nesting and nursing.
- Animals were observed for changes in skin, fur, eyes, mucous membranes, occurrence of secretions and excretions, and autonomic activity (e.g. lacrimation, piloerection, pupil size, unusual respiratory pattern) as well as changes in gait, posture and response to handling as well as the presence of clonic or tonic movements, stereotypic or bizarre behavior.

BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: From treatment start to day before necropsy

FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study):
Males: weekly during pre-pairing and after pairing periods
Females: pre-pairing period days 1-8 and 8-13; gestation days 0-7, 7-14 and 14-21 post coitum, and lactation days 1-4
No food consumption was recorded during the pairing period.

HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Blood samples were obtained on day 14 of the pre-pairing period from 5 males and 5 females from each group. Blood samples were drawn from the retro-orbital plexus from all animals under light isoflurane anesthesia. The animals were fasted for approximately 18 hours before blood sampling but allowed access to water ad libitum. The samples were collected early in the working day to reduce biological variation caused by circadian rhythms.
- Parameters checked were: complete blood cell count (erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, red cell volume distribution width, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, hemoglobin concentration distribution width, leukocyte count total, differential leukocyte count, platelet count) and coagulation (prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time)

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Parameters checked were: glucose, urea, creatinine, bilirubin total, cholesterol total, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl-transferase, bile acids, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, protein total, albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin ratio

NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: Yes
At one time during the study (males in the fourth week of treatment and females on day 3 or 4 post-partum), relevant parameters from a modified Irwin screen test were performed with five P generation males and five P generation females from each group in place of the usual weekly behavioral observation. This assessment was conducted following the daily dose administration. Any abnormal findings were recorded and, where appropriate, graded in severity.

Grip strength:
Forelimb and hindlimb grip strength measurements were performed using a push-pull strain gauge. The animals were placed with the forepaws inside a triangular rasping ring and with the hind paws outside a triangular grasping ring. Using one hand, the animals were held towards the base of the tail and steadily pulled away or towards the ring until the grip was broken. Each measurement was repeated three times, the means were calculated and recorded.

Locomotor activity:
Locomotor (decreased or increased) activity was measured quantitatively with AMS Föhr Medical Instruments GmbH and DeMeTec GmbH Activity Monitor System. Animals were monitored for a 60-minute period and the total activity of this time period was recorded. Low beams count was reported in 10-minute intervals as well as the total activity of the measuring period.

OTHER: Organ weights:
At the scheduled sacrifice, the testes and epididymides of all parental males were weighed separately.

In addition, from 5 males and 5 females killed at the end of the study which were selected from each group, the following organs were trimmed from any adherent tissue, as appropriate and their wet weight was taken: adrenal glands (weighed as pairs), brain, heart, kidneys (weighed as pairs), liver, thymus, spleen

Sacrifice and pathology:

GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes, males were sacrificed after treatment of at least 28 days, when no longer needed for the assessment of reproductive effects. Dams and pups were sacrificed on day 5 post- partum.
At the scheduled sacrifice, terminal body weights were measured and all animals were sacrificed by an injection of sodium pentobarbital. All P generation animals were exsanguinated.

Dead pups, except those excessively cannibalized, were examined macroscopically.

All parent animals and pups were examined macroscopically for any structural changes.

For the parent animals, special attention was directed at the organs of the reproductive system.

The number of implantation sites and corpora lutea was recorded for all dams with litters. The uteri of non-pregnant females were placed in a solution of ammonium sulfide to visualize possible hemorrhagic areas of implantation sites.

HISTOPATHOLOGY:
Histotechnique:
All organ and tissue samples to be examined by the principal investigatory for histopathology were processed, embedded and cut at an approximate thickness of 2-4 micrometers and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Additionally, the testis was stained by PAS-hematoxylin.

Histopathology:
The tissue from all parental males was preserved in neutral phosphate buffered 4% formaldehyde solution: prostate, seminal vesicles with coagulating glan, testes and epididymides.
Ovaries from parental females were preserved in neutral phosphate buffered 4% formaldehyde solution.
From all animals found dead or killed in extremis, the following tissues were preserved in neutral phosphate buffered 4% formaldehyde solution:
gross lesions, brain, spinal chord, small and large intestines, stomach, liver, kidneys, adrenals, spleen, heart, thymus, thyroids and parathyroids if possible, trachea and lungs, uterus with vagina, urinary bladder, lymph nodes, peripheral nerve, bone marrow
Slides of all organs and tissues collected at terminal sacrifice from the animals of the control and high-dose groups were examined for histopathology. The same applied to all occurring gross lesions and to all animals, which died spontaneously. Special emphasis was made on the stages of spermatogenesis and histopathology of interstitial cell structure.
Because of possible test item-related findings noted in the high dose group, the stomach of both sexes were examined from five animals in the intermediate groups, as well as a small number of other organs from animals which did not mate or did not litter.
A histopathology peer review was performed. The assessment of the study pathologist and reviewing pathologist compared favorably.

Statistics:

Following statistical methods were used to analyze food consumption, body weights and reproduction data:
- means and standard deviations of various data were calculated
- the Dunnett-test (many to one t-test) based on a pooled variance estimate if the variables could be assumed to follow a normal distribution for the comparison of the treated groups and the control groups for each sex
- The Steel-test (many-one rank test) were applied instead of the Dunnett-test when the data were not assumed to follow a normal distribution
- Fischer's exact-test was applied if the variables could be dichotomized without loss of information.

Results and discussion

Results of examinations

Clinical signs:

no effects observed

Mortality:

no mortality observed

Body weight and weight changes:

effects observed, treatment-related

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

not examined

Food efficiency:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

(see food consumption here below)

Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):

not examined

Ophthalmological findings:

not examined

Haematological findings:

no effects observed

Clinical biochemistry findings:

effects observed, treatment-related

Urinalysis findings:

not examined

Behaviour (functional findings):

no effects observed

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

no effects observed

Gross pathological findings:

effects observed, treatment-related

Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:

effects observed, treatment-related

Histopathological findings: neoplastic:

not examined

Details on results:

CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY
All males and females survived until their respective scheduled necropsies.

Clinical observations:
Males:
There were no test-item related findings in any male rat during the pre-pairing, pairing or after pairing periods.
During the pre-pairing period, one male treated with 1000 mg/kg/day had a transient slight decrease of activity. There were no findings in other males during the pre-pairing period.

During the pre-pairing period, small areas of localized hair loss were recorded in a few males treated with 1000 mg/kg/day. Breathing noises were recorded intermittently in one or two males at this dose level, as was salivation. Transient breathing noise was also recorded in one male treated with 330 mg/kg/day. These findings were not considered to be related to the treatment with the test item. Males treated with 110 mg/kg/day were unaffected.

During the after pairing period, slight hair loss was noted in one male treated with 1000 mg/kg/day and transient breathing noise was noted in one male treated with 330 mg/kg/day. The remaining males were without findings.

Females:
There were no test item-related findings in any female rat during the pre-pairing, pairing, gestation or lactation periods.

There were no symptoms noted in any female during the pre-pairing and pairing periods. Breathing noise was noted on one occasion during the gestation period in one female treated with 1000 mg/kg/day and ruffled fur was noted on one occasion in one female treated with 110 mg/kg/day.

No symptoms were noted during the lactation period at any dose level.

BODY WEIGHT AND WEIGHT GAIN
Males (pre-pairing, pairing and after pairing periods):
A test item-related reduction in mean body weights was noted in males treated with 1000 mg/kg/day during the pre-pairing, pairing and after pairing periods. The mean body weight gain of these males was clearly lower during the pre-pairing period, but improved slightly during the pairing period and was considered to be unaffected during the after pairing period.

During the pre-pairing period, a trend for lower mean body weights were noted from day 3 onwards in males treated with 1000 mg/kg/day and attained statistical significance (p<0.05) from days 7 to 13. The mean body weight gain of these males during this period was significantly lower from days 2 to 14 (p<0.01).

The mean body weight of these males was significantly lower (p<0.05) during days 1 - 21 and day 24 of the pairing period. The body weights of these males remained lower than those of the controls males during the after pairing period and attained statistical significance (<0.05) on day 1, 2 and 4 of this period. The body weight gain of these males improved slightly during the pairing period and remained stable during the after pairing period and considered to be generally within range of normal variation.

Although the differences were not statistically significant, a trend for marginally lower body weights and mean body weight gain were noted in males treated with 330 mg/kg/day during the latter half of the pairing period and the after pairing period.

The mean body weights and mean body weight gain of the males treated with 110 mg/kg/day were generally similar to those of the control males.

Females (pre-pairing, pairing, gestation and lactation periods):
Lower mean body weights of female rats treated with 1000 mg/kg/day were noted on days 11 and 13 of the pre-pairing period (both p<0.05), and on day 5 of the gestation period (p<0.05). The mean body weight gain of these females was significantly lower from days 3-14 of pre-pairing (generally p<0.01), but improved during the gestation and lactation periods to levels similar to the control females.

The mean body weights and mean body weight gain of the females treated with 110 or 330 mg/kg/day compared favorably with those of the control females. Occasional incidences of statistical significance were considered to be of no toxicological relevance.

FOOD CONSUMPTION:
Males:
Pre-pairing period: A statistically significant reduction in mean daily food consumption was noted during days 1 - 8 of the pre-pairing period in males treated with 1000 mg/kg/day (p<0.01). All other treated males were unaffected during this time interval and all males of all groups compared favorably during the second measurement interval (days 8 - 14).
After pairing period: There were no differences in mean daily food consumption during the after pairing period.

Females:
Pre-pairing, gestation and lactation periods:
The mean daily food consumption of the females treated with 1000 mg/kg/day was significantly reduced during days 1 - 8 (p<0.01) and days 8 - 14 (p<0.05) of the pre-pairing period. A significant reduction in the females treated with 110 mg/kg/day during days 1 - 8 (p<0.05) of the pre-pairing period was not seen in the females treated with 330 mg/kg/day and therefore considered to be incidental.

With the exception of a slight reduction of food consumption during days 7 - 14 of the gestation period, the mean daily food consumption of the females treated with 1000 mg/kg/day was similar to that of the control females. The mean daily food consumption of the remaining dose groups were unaffected during the gestation period.

During the lactation period, there were no toxicologically relevant differences to the control values at any dose level.

HAEMATOLOGY
Males:
At 330 and 1000 mg/kg/day, slightly reduced levels of hemoglobin were statistically significant (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively) but remained within the range of the historical control values. The mean hematocrit was significantly lower in these groups but also remained within the ranges of the historical control data (p<0.05). A slight increase in the mean relative eosinophil count attained statistical significance (p<0.05) at 1000 mg/kg/day but remained with the historical control ranges. The mean thromboplastin time of the males treated with 330 mg/kg/day was very slightly elevated (p<0.05) when compared with the controls but in the absence of a dose-response relationship was considered to be incidental. These differences were considered to be without toxicological relevance.
The platelet count was significantly elevated in males treated with 1000 mg/kg/day (p<0.01) when compared with the controls, but remained with the range of historical control data and considered to be incidental.

At 110 mg/kg/day, the hematology parameters were similar to the control males.

Females:
At 1000 mg/kg/day, slightly reduced levels of hemoglobin and mean hematocrit were statistically significant (both p<0.01) but remained within the range of the historical control values. These differences were considered to be without toxicological relevance.

The mean platelet count was significantly elevated in females treated with 1000 mg/kg/day (p<0.05) when compared with the controls but remained within the range of the historical control data.

At 110 and 330 mg/kg/day, the hematology parameters were similar to the control females.

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
Males:
At 330 and 1000 mg/kg/day, significantly reduced total bilirubin was noted in females (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). Both values exceeded the lower limit of the historical control values. In view of the large variation in the individual values, a clear relationship with the test item treatment could not be conclusively drawn.

Significantly lower mean total protein (p<0.01), comprised of reduced albumin, p<0.05 and reduced globulin, p<0.01) were noted in the females treated with 1000 mg/kg/day. These latter changes were considered to be related to the treatment with the test item.

At 330 mg/kg/day, reduced total protein (p<0.01), comprised of reduced albumin (not significant) and reduced globulin (p<0.01) were noted and considered to test item related.

At 110 mg/kg/day, the clinical biochemistry parameters were similar to the control males.

NEUROBEHAVIOUR
There were no findings evident for males or females.

Grip strength:
The mean fore and hind limb strength values were unaffected at all dose levels.

The statistically significant increase noted in the hind limb grip strength of females treated with 110 mg/kg/day (p<0.05) was unrelated to dose and therefore considered to be incidental.

Locomotor activity:
The mean locomotor activity of males and females, recorded over 60 minutes in 10-minute intervals, compared favorably with that of the respective control values.

ORGAN WEIGHTS
In males and females, the mean absolute and relative organ weights were unaffected by the treatment with the test item.
A marginal reduction of thymus weights were noted in the males treated with 1000 mg/kg/day, but these were not associated with microscopical changes and therefore considered to be incidental. Females were unaffected.

GROSS PATHOLOGY
Males:
Red foci on the stomach were noted in two males treated with 330 mg/kg/day and three males treated with 1000 mg/kg/day, and were considered to be test item-related findings
Females:
There were no gross lesions that could be attributed to treatment with the test item. All findings were recorded to be within the range of normal background alterations.

HISTOPATHOLOGY: NON-NEOPLASTIC
Microscopically, the following treatment related findings were recorded:
Stomach:
- Increase in incidence and severity of inflammatory cell infiltration in the submucosa to base of lamina propria consisting of eosinophils and/or lymphocytes was recorded in animals treated with 330 and 1000 mg/kg/day. The severity was slightly higher in males than females.
- Increase in incidence and severity of eosinophilic globule leukocyte in mucosa was recorded in animals treated with 330 or 1000 mg/kg/day.
- Atrophy of fundic gland mainly chief cells and/or parietal cells was recorded at minimal severity in males treated with 330 or 1000 mg/kg/day.
- Eosinophilic chief cells were recorded at minimal to slight severity in animals treated with 1000 mg/kg/day and males treated with 330 mg/kg/day.
- Increase in incidence and severity of epithelial vacuolation of squamous limiting ridge was recorded in males treated with 1000 mg/kg/day.

Effect levels

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Remarks:

(systemic effects)

Effect level:

>= 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Based on:

act. ingr.

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

other: see 'Remark'

Target system / organ toxicity

Critical effects observed:

not specified

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

Morphological changes in stomachs were observed at 330 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day as well as differences in the mean daily food consumption/body weight development at 1000 mg/kg bw/day. Although these changes were considered to be related to the treatment with the test item, the morphological changes in the stomachs were considered to be local effects rather than systemic toxicity and the differences in the food consumption/body weight were considered secondary to the changes in the stomach.
In conclusion, the NOAEL for systemic toxicity of the parent animals was considered to be >= 1000 mg/kg bw/day (expressed as lanthanum acetate anhydrous).