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In the BUA report a study by Zelles et al (1985) on the toxicity of 4 -Nitrophenol to soil microorganisms is summarised as follows:

A study by Zelles et al. (1985) shows that low concentrations of 4 -Nitrophenol can have stimulating effects on the activity of soil microorganisms, while at higher concentrations it acts inhibitively. Zelles et al. (1985) determined microbial activity in samples of soil by measuring CO2 production, ATP content and flourescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis (fluorescein diacetate is hydrolysed by various enzymes). At a concentration of 200 mg/kg soil (based on wet weight at 50% maximum soil water holding capacity) ATP content and FDA Hydrolysis were decreased, while 2 or 20 mg/kg soil resulted in an increase in both. At all 3 concentrations soil respiration was increased.