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EC number: 203-721-0 | CAS number: 109-94-4
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Biodegradation in water
28-days Closed Bottle test following the OECD guideline 301 D to determine the ready biodegradability of the test item (Experimental study report, 2018). The study was performed at a temperature of 20°C. The test system included control, test item and reference item. Polyseed were used for this study. The concentration of test and reference item (Sodium Benzoate) chosen for both the study was 4 mg/L, while that of inoculum was 32 ml/l. OECD mineral medium was used for the study. ThOD (Theoretical oxygen demand) of test and reference item was determined by calculation. % degradation was calculated using the values of BOD and ThOD for test item and reference item. The % degradation of procedure control (reference item) was also calculated using BOD & ThOD and was determined to be 76.5%. Degradation of Sodium Benzoate exceeds 45.18% on 7 days & 70.48% on 14th day. The activity of the inoculum was thus verified and the test can be considered as valid. The BOD28 value of test chemical was observed to be 1.17 mgO2/mg. ThOD was calculated as 1.51 mgO2/mg. Accordingly, the % degradation of the test item after 28 days of incubation at 20 ± 1°C according to Closed Bottle test was determined to be 77.48%. Based on the results, the test item, under the test conditions, was considered to be readily biodegradable in nature.
Biodegradation in water and sediment
Estimation Programs Interface prediction model was run to predict the half-life in water and sediment for the test chemical. If released in to the environment, 43.1% of the chemical will partition into water according to the Mackay fugacity model level III and the half-life period of test chemical in water is estimated to be 15 days (360 hrs). The half-life (15 days estimated by EPI suite) indicates that the chemical is not persistent in water and the exposure risk to aquatic animals is moderate to low whereas the half-life period of test chemical in sediment is estimated to be 135 days (3240 hrs). However, as the percentage release of test chemical into the sediment is less than 1% (i.e, reported as 0.0856%), indicates that the test chemical is not persistent in sediment.
Biodegradation in soil
The half-life period of test chemical in soil was estimated using Level III Fugacity Model by EPI Suite version 4.1 estimation database. If released into the environment, 29.4% of the chemical will partition into soil according to the Mackay fugacity model level III. The half-life period of test chemical in soil is estimated to be 30 days (720 hrs). Based on this half-life value of test chemical, it is concluded that the chemical is not persistent in the soil environment and the exposure risk to soil dwelling animals is moderate to low.
Additional information
Biodegradation in water
Various experimental key and supporting studies for the test chemical and supporting study for its structurally and functionally similar read across substance were reviewed for the biodegradation end point which are summarized as below:
In an experimental key study from study report (2018), 28-days Closed Bottle test following the OECD guideline 301 D to determine the ready biodegradability of the test item (Experimental study report, 2018). The study was performed at a temperature of 20°C. The test system included control, test item and reference item. Polyseed were used for this study. The concentration of test and reference item (Sodium Benzoate) chosen for both the study was 4 mg/L, while that of inoculum was 32 ml/l. OECD mineral medium was used for the study. ThOD (Theoretical oxygen demand) of test and reference item was determined by calculation. % degradation was calculated using the values of BOD and ThOD for test item and reference item. The % degradation of procedure control (reference item) was also calculated using BOD & ThOD and was determined to be 76.5%. Degradation of Sodium Benzoate exceeds 45.18% on 7 days & 70.48% on 14th day. The activity of the inoculum was thus verified and the test can be considered as valid. The BOD28 value of test chemical was observed to be 1.17 mgO2/mg. ThOD was calculated as 1.51 mgO2/mg. Accordingly, the % degradation of the test item after 28 days of incubation at 20 ± 1°C according to Closed Bottle test was determined to be 77.48%. Based on the results, the test item, under the test conditions, was considered to be readily biodegradable in nature.
In a supporting study, biodegradation experiment was conducted according to respiromteric test for evaluating the percentage biodegradability of test chemical (Study report, 1987). Activated sludge (adapted) obtained from biological sewage treatment plants was used as a test inoculum. The concentration of test item used for the study was 395 mg/L based on org. C. % degradation was calculated using the values of BOD and COD for test item. The BOD5 value of test chemical was observed to be 760 mgO2/mg. COD was calculated as 1090 mgO2/mg. Accordingly, The % degradation of the test item after 8 days of incubation according to respiromteric test was determined to be 69 and 86% degradation by BOD and TOC removal parameter. Based on the results, the test chemical, under the test conditions, was considered to be readily biodegradable in nature.
In an another supporting study (from peer reviewed journal, handbook, authoritative databases and secondary source), biodegradation experiment was conducted for 10 days for evaluating the percentage biodegradability of test chemical. The study was performed under aerobic conditions at a temperature of 20°C, respectively. The inoculum used for the study was sewage seed which has been acclimated for one year to the tested substance. Initial test substance conc. used in the study was 200-1000 mg/L, respectively. The biodegradation is measured after one day in an oxidation unit with non-flocculants growth activated sludge. The percentage degradation of test chemical was determined to be 30% by BOD parameter after 10 days. Thus, based on percentage degradation, test chemical is considered to be readily biodegradable in nature.
Another biodegradability of test chemical was estimated using the BIODEG linear and non-linear model (E. Rorije et. al., 1997). The models have been applied are Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships. Two models are fitted to the judgement of an evaluation of various different biodegradation rates of chemical. This include the one using linear regression and other using a form of non-linear fitting. These models used 36 fragments as descriptors with the molecular weight of the molecule as an added descriptor, and are fitted on the evaluated biodegradation data of a series of 295 compounds. The output of the models, x, is the number that should be interpreted as x < 0.5 (=0) (Chemical biodegrades slowly or not at all) or x > 0.5 (=1) (Chemical biodegrades fast), respectively. These tests typically produce ‘biodegradable’ (1) or ‘non-biodegradable’ (0) as a result. The application of the models has been automated, the BIODEG models are incorporated in the PC-based program. As the biodegradability prediction of test chemical by the BIODEG models comes out to be 1, test chemical is estimated to be readily biodegradable in nature.
For the test chemical, biodegradation study was conducted for 28 days for evaluating the percentage biodegradability of test substance. The study was performed according to OECD Guideline 301 C (Ready Biodegradability: Modified MITI Test (I) under aerobic conditions. Activated sludge was used as a test inoculums for the study. Concentration of inoculum i.e, sludge used was 30 mg/l and initial test substance conc. used in the study was 100 mg/l, respectively. The percentage degradation of test substance was determined to be 94, 100 and 97% by BOD, GC and TOC removal parameter in 28 days. Thus, based on percentage degradation, test chemical is considered to be readily biodegradable in nature.
On the basis of above results for test chemical, it can be concluded that the test chemical can be considered to be readily biodegradable in nature.
Biodegradation in water and sediment
Estimation Programs Interface prediction model was run to predict the half-life in water and sediment for the test chemical. If released in to the environment, 43.1% of the chemical will partition into water according to the Mackay fugacity model level III and the half-life period of test chemical in water is estimated to be 15 days (360 hrs). The half-life (15 days estimated by EPI suite) indicates that the chemical is not persistent in water and the exposure risk to aquatic animals is moderate to low whereas the half-life period of test chemical in sediment is estimated to be 135 days (3240 hrs). However, as the percentage release of test chemical into the sediment is less than 1% (i.e, reported as 0.0856%), indicates that the test chemical is not persistent in sediment.
Biodegradation in soil
The half-life period of test chemical in soil was estimated using Level III Fugacity Model by EPI Suite version 4.1 estimation database. If released into the environment, 29.4% of the chemical will partition into soil according to the Mackay fugacity model level III. The half-life period of test chemical in soil is estimated to be 30 days (720 hrs). Based on this half-life value of test chemical, it is concluded that the chemical is not persistent in the soil environment and the exposure risk to soil dwelling animals is moderate to low.
On the basis of available information, the test chemical can be considered to be readily biodegradable in nature.
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