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EC number: 203-632-7 | CAS number: 108-95-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Exposure related observations in humans: other data
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- exposure-related observations in humans: other data
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Study meets scientific standards but partly limited documentation (e.g. details about volunteers).
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- The production of urinary phenols by gut bacteria and their possible role in the causation of large bowel cancer
- Author:
- Bone, E, Tamm A, Hill M
- Year:
- 1 976
- Bibliographic source:
- Am J Clin Nutrit 29: 1448-1454
Materials and methods
- Type of study / information:
- Measurement of phenol excreted via urine as a bacterial amino acid metabolite in humans.
- Endpoint addressed:
- not applicable
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Conjugated phenol in urine of volunteers as a results of bacterial amino acid metabolism determined.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Phenol
- EC Number:
- 203-632-7
- EC Name:
- Phenol
- Cas Number:
- 108-95-2
- Molecular formula:
- C6H6O
- IUPAC Name:
- phenol
- Details on test material:
- no details
Constituent 1
Method
- Ethical approval:
- not specified
- Details on study design:
- A 24 h-urine sample was collected from each of 10 healthy volunteers; urinary phenol measured by GC methods after enzymatic hydrolysis of conjugates.
- Exposure assessment:
- not specified
- Details on exposure:
- Presumably no exposure of the volunteers to phenol except via the gut by bacterial metabolism of amino acids within the framework of protein digestion.
Results and discussion
- Results:
- Excretion of phenol conjugates via urine. Bacterial tyrosine metabolism assumed as possible source.
The mean excretion rate in 10 volunteers was 9.8 mg/day/person (ca. 160 µg/kg bw/day).
In 4 normal women the mean value was 7.0 mg/day/person (range 2.7 -10.7 mg/day). In 6 men the mean value was 11.7 mg/day/person (range 6.8 -20.3). Interindividual differences and day-to-day variations (demonstrated in further examinations in one woman and 2 men) were shown and might be related to nutrition (ingestion of proteins).
In further in vitro experiments with isolated gut bacteria it has been shown that aerobic bacteria (but not anaerobic bacteria) fed with tyrosine produced phenol.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Phenol is detected in urine of non-exposed humans; the mean excretion rate ist 9.8 mg/day/person (ca. 160 µg/kg bw/day). It is suggested that phenol is liberated in the gut of humans due to aerobic baterial metabolism of amino acids (e.g. tyrosine).
- Executive summary:
Study meets scientific standards but partly limited documentation (e.g. details about volunteers).
A 24 h-urine sample was collected from each of 10 healthy volunteers; urinary phenol was measured by GC methods after enzymatic hydrolysis of conjugates. There was presumably no exposure of the volunteers to phenol except via the gut by bacterial metabolism. The mean excretion rate was 9.8 mg/day/person (ca. 160 µg/kg bw/day). Interindividual differences and day-to-day variations (demonstrated in further examinations in one woman and 2 men) were shown and might be related to nutrition (ingestion of proteins).
In further in vitro experiments with isolated gut bacteria it has been shown that aerobic bacteria fed with tyrosine produced phenol.
Conclusion: Phenol is detected in urine of non-exposed humans; the mean excretion rate ist 9.8 mg/day/person (ca. 160 µg/kg bw/day). It is suggested that phenol is liberated in the gut of humans due to aerobic baterial metabolism of amino acids (e.g. tyrosine).
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