Benzene, 1,4-bis(1-methylethyl)-, homopolymer

Endpoint summary

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Effects on fertility

Effect on fertility: via oral route

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

1 000 mg/kg bw/day

Study duration:

subacute

Species:

rat

Quality of whole database:

GLP and guideline compliant study.

Effect on fertility: via inhalation route

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Effect on fertility: via dermal route

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Additional information

The purpose of this reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test was to provide initial information concerning the effect of the test item CCPIB on male and female reproductive performance such as gonadal function, mating behavior, conception, pregnancy, parturition as well as on development of the F1 offspring from conception to day 4 post-partum associated with oral administration to rats at repeated doses. Four groups of Hsd.Brl.Han:Wist rats (n=12/sex/group) were administered orally (by gavage) once a day at 0 (vehicle only), 1000, 300 and 100 mg/kg bw/day at concentrations of 200 mg/mL, 60 and 20 mg/mL corresponding to 5 mL/kg bw dose volume. Control animals were administered with 0.5 % aqueous methylcellulose. The suitability of the chosen vehicle for the test item at the intended concentrations was analytically verified up front. Concentration of the test item in the dosing formulations was checked twice during the study. CCPIB concentrations in the dosing formulations varied in the range of 93 and 115 % of the nominal values at both analytical occasions, thereby confirming proper dosing. All animals of the parent (P) generation received test item or vehicle prior to mating (14 days) and throughout mating. Test item or vehicle was administered to male animals post mating up to the day before the necropsy (altogether for 43 days). For females, test item was administered through the gestation period and up to lactation days 3-4 i.e. up to the day before the necropsy (altogether for 41 - 45 days).

Observations included mortality, clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, mating, pregnancy and delivery process, as well as development of offspring. The dams were allowed to litter, and rear their young up to day 4 postpartum. Litters were weighed and offspring were observed for possible abnormalities and were euthanized on postnatal day 4. All parental animals were subjected to gross pathology one day after the last treatment. Histopathology examination was performed on reproductive organs (testes, epididymides and ovaries) in the control and high dose groups. The reproductive organs of non-pregnant females and males cohabited with in the low and mid dose groups were also processed and evaluated histologically. The results were interpreted comparing treatment groups with respect to controls, which were treated concurrently with the vehicle (0.5% methylcellulose) only.

Results

Mortality

There was no test item related mortality at any dose level (1000, 300 and 100 mg/kg bw/day).

Clinical observation

The behavior and physical condition of animals were normal during the entire observation period (pre-mating and post-mating for male animals, during pre-mating for dams and non-pregnant females, during gestation and lactation periods for dams).

Body weight and body weight gain

The body weight development was undisturbed in the test item treated animals at each dose level (1000, 300 and 100 mg/kg bw/day) during the entire treatment period (pre-mating, mating, post-mating, gestation and lactation periods).

Food consumption

The mean daily food consumption was not affected by the test item in male or female animals at 1000, 300 and 100 mg/kg bw/day during the entire study (pre-mating, post-mating, gestation and lactation periods).

Reproduction

There were no test item related differences between the control and test item treated groups in delivery data of dams and in the reproductive performance of male and female animals.

Necropsy

Specific macroscopic alterations related to the test item were not found during the necropsy.

Organ weight

There were no test item related changes in brain, testes and epididymides weights.

Histopathology

Histopathological examinations of male and female genital organs (ovaries, testes and epididymides) did not reveal any toxic or other test item related changes at any dose level.

Offspring

Negative effects of the test item on offspring development (mortality, clinical signs, and body weight and necropsy findings) were not detected between postnatal days 0 and 4.

Conclusion

Under the conditions of the present study CCPIB did not cause toxic changes and did not influence the reproductive performance (gonad function, mating behavior, conception, pregnancy, parturition) in parental male and female Hsd.Brl.Han: Wistar rats or development of the F1 offspring from conception to day 4 post-partum after repeated dose oral administration at 1000, 300 or 100 mg/kg bw/day.

Based on these observations the No Observed Adverse Effect Levels (NOAEL) were determined as follows:

NOAEL for male rats: 1000 mg/kg bw/day

NOAEL for female rats: 1000 mg/kg bw/day

NOAEL for reproductive performance of the male rats: 1000 mg/kg bw/day

NOAEL for reproductive performance of the female rats: 1000 mg/kg bw/day

NOAEL for F1 Offspring: 1000 mg/kg bw/day

Short description of key information:
The reprotoxic properties of the test item were assessed in a study performed according to OECD Guideline 421 in rats. Based on the results obtained from testing the parental NOAEL , the NOAEL for reproductive performance and the NOAEL for the F1 generation were determined to be 1000 mg/kg bw/day. Performance of a 2 generation study was waived based on other test proposals applied and results of the reproduction/ developmental toxicity study (OECD 421).

Justification for selection of Effect on fertility via oral route:
The only study available.

Justification for selection of Effect on fertility via inhalation route:
According to Annex VIII Regulation (EC) No 1907/2008 no study has to be conducted.

Justification for selection of Effect on fertility via dermal route:
According to Annex VIII Regulation (EC) No 1907/2008 no study has to be conducted.

Effects on developmental toxicity

Description of key information

Based on the results of the OECD 414 study the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) was determined as follows:
NOAEL (maternal toxicity): 1000 mg/kg bw/day
NOAEL (developmental toxicity including teratogenicity): 1000 mg/kg bw/day

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

developmental toxicity

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

2015-06-12 and 2016-04-05

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: GLP conform study according to guideline

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method B.31 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EPA OPPTS 870.3700 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Limit test:

no

Species:

rat

Strain:

Wistar

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Toxi-Coop Zrt.,1103 Budapest Cserkesz u. 90., Hungary
- Age at study initiation: females (8 weeks of age at start of the mating period), males (31-33 weeks of age at start of the mating period)
- Weight at study initiation: The group averages of the body weight of the females were as similar as possible on the first day of gestation
- Housing: before mating: 1-3 females per cage, 1-2 males per cage; mating: 1 male and 1-3 females/cage; during gestation: 2-3 sperm positive females per cage, if not possible 1 sperm positive female per cage
- Diet: ad libitum
- Water: ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 12 days for females, 159 days for males

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 21-22
- Humidity (%): 43 - 62
- Air changes (per hr): 10 -15
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12

Route of administration:

oral: gavage

Vehicle:

other: 0.5 % aqueous methylcellulose

Details on exposure:

PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS: The test item was formulated in 0.5 % methycellulose in a frequency based on the stability features of the test item in the vehicle (not more than for 3 days at 5 +/- 3°C)


VEHICLE
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle: The test item was not soluble in water therefore 0.5 % aqueous methylcellulose was used for preparing formulations appropriate for oral administration. 0.5 % aqueous methylcellulose is a suitable vehicle to facilitate formulation analysis for the test item.
- Concentration in vehicle: 20, 60 and 200 mg/mL
- Amount of vehicle: 5 mL/kg bw

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

yes

Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

Analytical control of formulations (concentration and homogeneity) in the vehicle was performed in the Analytical Laboratory of Test Facility two times during the study. Five samples were taken from different places from each concentration (Groups 2, 3 and 4) for analysis of concentration and homogeneity on 2 occasions. Similarly, five samples were taken from different places from the control substance (Group 1) at each occasion and measured. The samples were stored at 5 ± 3°C until the analysis. Formulation samples were diluted with tetrahydrofuran and acetonitrile and then analysed by a HPLC method.
Measured concentrations varied between 91 and 112 % of the nominal concentrations and all formulations were considered to be homogeneous.

HPLC conditions:
Detector: 222 nm
Column: Phenomenex, Luna 3μ C18 (2) 100A,
150 x 4.6 mm, 3 μm, No.: 637921-4
Mobil Phase: Acetonitrile : Water = 95 : 5 (v/v)
Flow Rate: 1.2 mL/min
Injection volume: 10 μL
Temperature: 25 °C
Retention time: 9.5 min ±5 %
Run time: 12 minutes

Details on mating procedure:

- Impregnation procedure: cohoused
- M/F ratio per cage: 1:3
- Length of cohabitation: The females were paired to males in the mornings for two to four hours until the number of sperm positive females per group achieves at least twenty two.
- Proof of pregnancy: vaginal plug and/or sperm in vaginal smear referred to as day 0 of pregnancy

Duration of treatment / exposure:

The sperm positive females were treated from gestational day 5 to 19.

Frequency of treatment:

7 days per week every day at similar time.

Duration of test:

Treatment period: from gestational day 5 to 19

Remarks:

Doses / Concentrations:
0, 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day
Basis:
nominal conc.

No. of animals per sex per dose:

22 sperm positive females per dose

Control animals:

yes, concurrent vehicle

Details on study design:

- Dose selection rationale: The dose setting was based on findings obtained in a previous repeated dose toxicity studies with CUROX®CC-P3 in the Rat (Reproduction/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test with CCPIB in the Rat; OECD 421; GLP).

Maternal examinations:

DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: daily (observations for signs of morbidity and mortality were made twice daily, at the beginning and end of the working period)
- Examinations: signs of morbidity, mortality, toxicity as well as behaviour and general conditions

BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Body weight of sperm positive females was measured on gestation days 0, 3, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17 and 20. The corrected body weight was calculated for the 20th day of pregnancy (body weight on day 20 minus the weight of the gravid uterus).

FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE : Yes
- Time schedule: between gestation days 0 to 3, 3 to 5, 5 to 8, 8 to 11, 11 to 14, 14 to 17 and 17 to 20

POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS: Yes
- Sacrifice on gestation day 20
- Organs examined: uterus with cervix and ovary

OTHER:
- Examination of placental signs: All sperm positive animals were examined for vaginal bleeding (placental sign of gestation) on the 13th gestational day. If negative on day 13, the examination was repeated on day 14 of gestation.

Ovaries and uterine content:

The ovaries and uterine content was examined after termination: Yes
Examinations included:
- Gravid uterus weight: Yes
- Number of corpora lutea: Yes
- Number of implantations: Yes
- Number of early resorptions: Yes
- Number of late resorptions: Yes

Fetal examinations:

- External examinations: Yes: all live fetuses per litter
- Soft tissue examinations: Yes: half per litter
- Skeletal examinations: Yes: half per litter
- Head examinations: Yes: half per litter

Statistics:

The homogeneity of variance between groups was checked by Bartlett’s homogeneity of variance test. Where no significant heterogeneity is detected a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is carried out. If the obtained result is significant Duncan’s Multiple Range test was used to access the significance of inter-group differences. If significance is the result of the Bartlett’s test, the Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance was used and the inter-group comparisons were performed using Mann-Whitney U-test.

Historical control data:

The results were compared to the laboratory's historical control data.

Details on maternal toxic effects:

Maternal toxic effects:no effects

Details on maternal toxic effects:
None of the female died before scheduled necropsy and there were no clinical signs recorded. No treatment related necropsy findings were observed. No treatment related reduction on food consumption or body weight was observed.

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day

Based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect level:

other: maternal toxicity

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day

Based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect level:

other: other:

Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:

Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:no effects

Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
Number of implantations, intrauterine mortality and sex distribution of the fetuses were not influenced by the treatment. There were no test item related differences in the fetal- and placental weight, body weight retardation and other external, visceral and skeletal variations. There was one fetus with malformations during external examination at 1000 mg/kg bw/day and five fetuses with malformations during skeletal examinations (one in the control and low dose group, three in the high dose group) .

One fetus was found with agnathy in the 1000 mg/kg bw/day dose group at external examination which finding occurs sporadically also in control fetuses according to the Historical control data of Toxi-Coop Zrt. No clear pattern was observed between the observed malformations. Therefore these observations were judged as not adverse. No clear pattern was observed between the observed malformations. Therefore these observations were judged as not adverse.

Skeletal malformations were found in one control fetus (bipartite cartilage of a thoracic centrum), in one fetus in the 100 mg/kg bw/day group (a displaced thoracic centrum and a supernumerary hemicentric vertebral centrum) and in three fetuses in the 1000 mg/kg bw/day group (one pair of bifurcate ribs, a rudimentary 13th rib and a misshapen thoracic arch in one fetus, split and fused sternebra and bent humerus in a second fetus as well as markedly hypoplastic, medially fused mandible in a third fetus (which was judged to have agnathy at external examination). According to the Historical control data of Toxi-Coop Zrt. and the experience of this laboratory, similar mandibular, sternal, vertebral, rib- and humerus malformations occur sporadically in control fetuses, hence the malformations found in the 100 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day groups were judged to be unrelated from the treatment with the test item. No clear pattern was observed between the observed malformations. Therefore these observations were judged as not adverse. This is also in line with historical control data of another strain of rats, i.e. CrL:CD(R) BR rats (Lang, P.L. (1993) Historical control data for developmental and reproductive toxicity studies using the Crl:CD®BR rat, compiled by MARTA (Middle Atlantic Reproduction and Teratology Association), Charles River Laboratories, September 1993).

Abnormalities:

not specified

Developmental effects observed:

not specified

Conclusions:

Based on these observations the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) was determined as follows:
NOAEL (maternal toxicity): 1000 mg/kg bw/day
NOAEL (developmental toxicity including teratogenicity): 1000 mg/kg bw/day

Executive summary:

The test item was examined for its possible prenatal developmental toxicity. Groups of 22 sperm-positive female Hsd. Han: Wistar rats were treated with the test item by oral administration daily at three dose levels of 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day from day 5 up to and including day 19 post coitum. A control group of 22 sperm positive females was included and the animals were given the vehicle 0.5 % methylcellulose. The treatment volume was 5 mL/kg bw.

A sufficient stability and homogeneity in the chosen vehicle were verified over the range of relevant concentrations at the appropriate frequency of preparation. The test item in 0.5 % methylcellulose was stable at room for 3 days in a refrigerator (5 +/- 3 oC) at the concentrations of 1 and 200 mg/mL. Analytical control of dosing solutions was performed on the first and last week of treatment. Concentrations of the test item in the dosing formulations varied in the acceptable range between 91 and 112 % of nominal concentrations at both analytical occasions confirming proper dosing.

During the study, mortality was checked and clinical observations were performed. Body weight and food consumption of the dams were also recorded. The day, when sperm was detected in the vaginal smear, was regarded as day 0 of gestation. Caesarean section and gross pathology were performed on gestational day 20. The number of implantations, early and late resorptions, live and dead fetuses in each uterine horn and the number of corpora lutea were recorded. Each fetus was weighed and examined for sex and gross external abnormalities. The placentas were weighed and examined externally. About half of each litter was preserved for visceral examination and the other half of the litters were preserved for skeletal evaluation. At visceral examination the bodies were micro dissected by means of a dissecting microscope. The heads were examined by Wilson's free-hand razor blade method.

After cartilage-bone staining the skeletons were examined by means of a dissecting microscope. All abnormalities found during the fetal examinations were recorded.

In total, on gestation day 20 there were 21 evaluated litters each in the control and 300 mg/kg bw/day group, and 19 and 20 in the 100 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day group.

None of the female died before scheduled necropsy and there were no clinical signs recorded. No treatment related necropsy findings were observed.

There was no treatment related reduction on food consumption and body weight indicated.

The test item did not influence the number of implantations, intrauterine mortality and sex distribution of the fetuses.

There were no test item related differences in the fetal- and placental weight, body weight retardation and other external, visceral and skeletal variations. Agnathy observed at external and proved at skeletal examination (as a markedly hypoplastic and fused mandible) and other two different skeletal malformations (one pair of bifurcate ribs, a rudimentary 13thrib and a misshapen thoracic arch in one fetus, split and fused sternebra and bent humerus in another fetus) in the 1000 mg/kg bw/day dose group as well as a displaced- and a supernumerary hemicentric thoracic centrum in one fetus in the 100 mg/kg bw/day group were judged to be unrelated from the treatment with the test item considering the historical control database and the experience with this strain at the lab. This is also in line with historical control data of another strain of rats, i.e. CrL:CD(R) BR rats ( Lang, P.L. (1993) Historical control data for developmental and reproductive toxicity studies using the Crl:CD®BR rat, compiled by MARTA (Middle Atlantic Reproduction and Teratology Association), Charles River Laboratories, September 1993).

 

Based on these observations the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) was determined as follows:

NOAEL (maternal toxicity): 1000 mg/kg bw/day

NOAEL (developmental toxicity including teratogenicity): 1000 mg/kg bw/day

Effect on developmental toxicity: via oral route

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

1 000 mg/kg bw/day

Study duration:

subacute

Species:

rat

Quality of whole database:

GLP conform study according to guideline

Effect on developmental toxicity: via inhalation route

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Effect on developmental toxicity: via dermal route

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Additional information

Developmental toxicity study

The test item was examined for its possible prenatal developmental toxicity. Groups of 22 sperm-positive female Hsd. Han: Wistar rats were treated with the test item by oral administration daily at three dose levels of 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day from day 5 up to and including day 19 post coitum. A control group of 22 sperm positive females was included and the animals were given the vehicle 0.5 % methylcellulose. The treatment volume was 5 mL/kg bw.

A sufficient stability and homogeneity in the chosen vehicle were verified over the range of relevant concentrations at the appropriate frequency of preparation. The test item in 0.5 % methylcellulose was stable at room for 3 days in a refrigerator (5 +/- 3 oC) at the concentrations of 1 and 200 mg/mL. Analytical control of dosing solutions was performed on the first and last week of treatment. Concentrations of the test item in the dosing formulations varied in the acceptable range between 91 and 112 % of nominal concentrations at both analytical occasions confirming proper dosing.

During the study, mortality was checked and clinical observations were performed. Body weight and food consumption of the dams were also recorded. The day, when sperm was detected in the vaginal smear, was regarded as day 0 of gestation. Caesarean section and gross pathology were performed on gestational day 20. The number of implantations, early and late resorptions, live and dead fetuses in each uterine horn and the number of corpora lutea were recorded. Each fetus was weighed and examined for sex and gross external abnormalities. The placentas were weighed and examined externally. About half of each litter was preserved for visceral examination and the other half of the litters were preserved for skeletal evaluation. At visceral examination the bodies were micro dissected by means of a dissecting microscope. The heads were examined by Wilson's free-hand razor blade method.

After cartilage-bone staining the skeletons were examined by means of a dissecting microscope. All abnormalities found during the fetal examinations were recorded.

In total, on gestation day 20 there were 21 evaluated litters each in the control and 300 mg/kg bw/day group, and 19 and 20 in the 100 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day group.

None of the female died before scheduled necropsy and there were no clinical signs recorded. No treatment related necropsy findings were observed.

There was no treatment related reduction on food consumption and body weight indicated.

The test item did not influence the number of implantations, intrauterine mortality and sex distribution of the fetuses.

There were no test item related differences in the fetal- and placental weight, body weight retardation and other external, visceral and skeletal variations. Agnathy observed at external and proved at skeletal examination (as a markedly hypoplastic and fused mandible) and other two different skeletal malformations (one pair of bifurcate ribs, a rudimentary 13thrib and a misshapen thoracic arch in one fetus, split and fused sternebra and bent humerus in another fetus) in the 1000 mg/kg bw/day dose group as well as a displaced- and a supernumerary hemicentric thoracic centrum in one fetus in the 100 mg/kg bw/day group were judged to be unrelated from the treatment with the test item considering the historical control database and the experience with this strain at the lab.This is also in line with historical control data of another strain of rats, i.e. CrL:CD(R) BR rats (Lang, P.L. (1993) Historical control data for developmental and reproductive toxicity studies using the Crl:CD®BR rat, compiled by MARTA (Middle Atlantic Reproduction and Teratology Association), Charles River Laboratories, September 1993).

 

Based on these observations the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) was determined as follows:

NOAEL (maternal toxicity): 1000 mg/kg bw/day

NOAEL (developmental toxicity including teratogenicity): 1000 mg/kg bw/day

Justification for selection of Effect on developmental toxicity: via oral route:
Only one study is available.

Justification for selection of Effect on developmental toxicity: via inhalation route:
A study via the oral route is available and judged to be sufficient to address this endpoint.

Justification for selection of Effect on developmental toxicity: via dermal route:
A study via the oral route is available and judged to be sufficient to address this endpoint.

Justification for classification or non-classification

Based on results obtained in reproduction toxicity testing, the test item was not classified or labeled according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP).