Trichloroethylene

Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Published in peer-reviewed literature, adequate for assessment

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: NEN 6501

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Dutch std. method Concept NEN 6501

GLP compliance:

no

Analytical monitoring:

no

Vehicle:

not specified

Test organisms (species):

Daphnia magna

Details on test organisms:

< 2 day old

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

48 h

Hardness:

1 mmol/l

Test temperature:

22±1°C

Nominal and measured concentrations:

ratio of concentrations: 1.8

Details on test conditions:

25 organisms per group. All tests were carried out in duplicate. Test volume per group was 1L. Daphnias were not fed during the test. Dutch standard water was used

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

IC50

Effect conc.:

20.8 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Basis for effect:

mobility

Details on results:

IC50-value is based on the quantity of chemical added at the started of the test.

Reported statistics and error estimates:

IC50-value was calculated by logit transformation according to Brown (1978)

Reference 2

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Non-GLP study, guideline not specified, published in peer reviewed literature, adequate for assessment

Principles of method if other than guideline:

static test performed in closed glass dishes

GLP compliance:

no

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Vehicle:

no

Details on test solutions:

Stock solution was made up as a 100% water soluble fraction (WSF) solution by adding 1 part trichloroethylene to 1000 parts water (vol/vol) in covered flask and stirring for 1 hour, allowing to settle for 0.5-1 hour and then siphoning off the WSF solution. Test solutions were made up as 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100% of the WSF. Actual concentrations were measured at the start and end of the tests (or when 100% mortality occurred).

Test organisms (species):

Americamysis bahia (previous name: Mysidopsis bahia)

Details on test organisms:

Three-day old

Test type:

static

Water media type:

saltwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

96 h

Test temperature:

22 ± 1 °C

Salinity:

19 ppt

Details on test conditions:

Organisms exposed in 1.6 litre covered glass dish with 1 litre of solution. 10 organisms per dish used; all treatments carried out in duplicate.

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

14 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (not specified)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Details on results:

Effect concentrations were calculated based on average measured concentrations as well as initial measured concentrations. 96 hour LC50= 27 mg/l based on initial concentrations and 14 mg/l based on average concentration (average of initial and final).

Reference 3

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to same study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: U.S. EPA Whole Effluent Testing Program method, modified to minimize volatilization

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: ASTM (1994). Standard Guide for Conducting Three-Brood, Renewal Toxicity Tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia, E 1295—89. Am. Soc. Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Method was modified to minimize volatilization

GLP compliance:

no

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Details on sampling:

In tests with individual components, toxicant concentrations were measured at the beginning and end of the experiment. Newly prepared test solution and 24-h-old test solution composited from three replicates from each treatment level were analyzed. Acute toxicological results are based on the geometric mean of the two measured concentrations for each treatment level measured at the beginning of the test. Chronic toxicological results are based on the geometric mean of the four measured concentrations for each treatment level measured during the duration of the experiment.

Vehicle:

no

Details on test solutions:

Stock solutions of test chemicals were prepared by adding amounts of chemical below their reported water solubility to dilution water using glass syringes.
No carriers were used.
Stocks were proportionally diluted to yield other concentrations.

Test organisms (species):

Ceriodaphnia dubia

Details on test organisms:

C. dubia were obtained from Aquastar, Inc. (Mobile, Alabama) and cultured in house.
Tests were conducted in artificial moderately hard water.
Light was provided by full spec- trum fluorescent bulbs with a color rendering index '90 at an intensity of 20 mE/m 􏰔/S and a photoperiod of 16L : 8D.
Daphnids were fed an algae and cereal leaf mix containing equal numbers of cells of Selenastrum capricornutum and Chlorella vulgaris mixed with a rye grass infusion.

Test type:

semi-static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

7 d

Hardness:

68.3

pH:

7.6

Dissolved oxygen:

Dissolved oxygen was monitored on 24-h-old solutions and always remained above 7.0 ppm.

Conductivity:

207.8

Details on test conditions:

To minimize volatilization, instead of 30-ml beakers, individual organ- isms were tested in 25-ml borosilicate glass vials filled to capacity and closed tightly using teflon PTFE-lined silicon septa held in place by polypropylene screw-on caps. Solutions were renewed daily.
Dissolved oxygen was monitored on 24-h-old solutions and always remained above 7.0 ppm.
Survival, behavior, and reproduction were observed at the time of daily renewal. Because the chemicals tested commonly have a sedating effect, care was taken to distinguish dead from narcotized individuals; daphnids that did not move when gently prodded were examined for a heartbeat at a magnification of 100X. Tests were continued until 60% of the control animals had completed three broods, i.e., 6 or 7 days.

Key result

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

17 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (geom. mean)

Conc. based on:

act. ingr.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Key result

Duration:

7 d

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

17 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (geom. mean)

Conc. based on:

act. ingr.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Details on results:

2-day LC50: 130 µM (99 - 170)
7-day LC50: 129 µM (113 - 147)
Mean chemical retention: 86.4
Values were recalculated based on a molecular weight for TCE of 131.4 g/mol

Reported statistics and error estimates:

Toxicity tests with individual chemicals were analyzed to determine criterion effect levels for mortality and reproduction following standard methods (U.S. EPA, 1994). Both 2- and 7-day LC􏰗􏰒s (concentrations lethal to 50% of the organisms) were calculated using binomial or trimmed Spearman—Karber tests, as appropriate.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Conclusions:

n a study conducted according to U.S. EPA Whole Effluent Testing Program method, Ceriodaphnia dubia were exposed to concentrations of 0, 13, 24, 54, 90, 212 µmol TCE and continued until 60% of the control animals had completed three broods, i.e., 6 or 7 days.
Mortality was observed at higher concentrations resulting in an EC50 of 17 mg/L (approx. 130 µmol) both after 48 hours and 7 days.

Description of key information

Freshwater: The 48h LC50 for Ceriodaphnia dubia was 17 mg/l.

Marine water: The 96-h LC50 for Americamysis bahia was 14 mg/l.

 

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Fresh water invertebrates

Fresh water invertebrates

Effect concentration:

17 mg/L

Marine water invertebrates

Marine water invertebrates

Effect concentration:

14 mg/L

Additional information

Several studies with both freshwater and marine invertebrates are available.

For assessment of freshwater compartment, a 48-h LC50 of 17 mg/L from a study according to U.S. EPA Whole Effluent Testing Program method in Ceriodaphnia dubia was identified (Niederlehner et. al.,1998).

Furthermore, a static study with <1 days old Daphnia magna is available (Hermens et al.,1984). The study was conducted according to the NEN 6501 which is similar to OECD guideline 201. The 48-h EC50 was 20.8 mg/l.

For the marine compartment a flow-through study with the mysid shrimp Americamysis bahia (tested as Mysidopsis bahia) was found to be most critical (Wardet al.,1986).

Although this study was not conducted according to an accepted guideline the study was a well conducted near-guideline study, the 96-h LC50 was 14 mg/l.

Another study with Daphnia magna was available (48-hour EC50 = 18 mg/l; LeBlanc et al., 1980), however the concentrations were not monitored and it was not clear how much animals were tested per concentration and the number of tested animals was not clear from the paper. Other studies were less critical, less well conducted and/or not reliable.