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EC number: 203-458-1 | CAS number: 107-06-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Dermal absorption
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- dermal absorption
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 1992
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
Cross-reference
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 1 992
- Report date:
- 1992
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 428 (Skin Absorption: In Vitro Method)
- Deviations:
- not applicable
- GLP compliance:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- 1,2-dichloroethane
- EC Number:
- 203-458-1
- EC Name:
- 1,2-dichloroethane
- Cas Number:
- 107-06-2
- Molecular formula:
- C2H4Cl2
- IUPAC Name:
- 1,2-dichloroethane
- Details on test material:
- 1,2-dichloroethane
Constituent 1
- Radiolabelling:
- no
Test animals
- Species:
- other: human and rat
- Strain:
- not specified
- Sex:
- not specified
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- not applicable
Administration / exposure
- Type of coverage:
- other: unoccluded (neat material) and occluded (aqueous solutions)
- Vehicle:
- other: neat material or aqueous solution
- Duration of exposure:
- up to 8 hours
- Doses:
- 5, 10, 25 and 100 µL/cm² as neat material and as 1000 µg/mL solution in water (200 µL/cm²)
- No. of animals per group:
- not applicable
- Control animals:
- no
- Details on study design:
- not applicable
- Details on in vitro test system (if applicable):
- Human and rat epidermal membranes were prepared from whole skin and mounted in glass diffusion cells. The integrity of the membranes was determined by measurement of their permeability to tritiated water. Samples with a permeability coefficient > 1.5 (exp-3) cm/h (human) or > 2.5 (exp-3) cm/h (rat) were deemed to have been damaged during preparation and were discarded. The remaining intact samples were used for the assessment of 1,2-dichloroethane absorption.
Results and discussion
- Signs and symptoms of toxicity:
- not specified
- Dermal irritation:
- not specified
- Total recovery:
- not indicated
Percutaneous absorptionopen allclose all
- Dose:
- 5 µL/cm² (neat)
- Parameter:
- percentage
- Absorption:
- 91.9 - 398 %
- Remarks on result:
- other: 0.25 hour
- Remarks:
- mean absorption rate in µg/cm²/hr (not %); first value: human; second value: rat
- Dose:
- 10 µL/cm² (neat)
- Parameter:
- percentage
- Absorption:
- 81.9 - 873 %
- Remarks on result:
- other: 0.25 hour
- Remarks:
- mean absorption rate in µg/cm²/hr (not %) ; first value: human; second value: rat
- Dose:
- 25 µL/cm² (neat)
- Parameter:
- percentage
- Absorption:
- 104 - 1 780 %
- Remarks on result:
- other: 0.25 hour
- Remarks:
- mean absorption rate in µg/cm²/hr (not %); first value: human; second value: rat
- Dose:
- 100 µL/cm² (neat)
- Parameter:
- percentage
- Absorption:
- 106 - 6 810 %
- Remarks on result:
- other: 0.25 hour
- Remarks:
- mean absorption rate in µg/cm²/hr (not %); first value: human; second value: rat
- Dose:
- 200 µL/cm² (in water)
- Parameter:
- percentage
- Absorption:
- 25.8 - 78.4 %
- Remarks on result:
- other: 0.25 hour
- Remarks:
- mean absorption rate in µg/cm²/hr (not %); first value: human; second value: rat
- Dose:
- 100 µL/cm² (neat)
- Parameter:
- percentage
- Absorption:
- 205 %
- Remarks on result:
- other: 1.0 hour
- Remarks:
- mean absorption rate in µg/cm²/hr (not %); first value: human; no second value
- Dose:
- 200 µL/cm² (in water)
- Parameter:
- percentage
- Absorption:
- 20.3 - 33.1 %
- Remarks on result:
- other: 1.0 hour
- Remarks:
- mean absorption rate in µg/cm²/hr (not %); first value: human; second value: rat
- Conversion factor human vs. animal skin:
- The difference between absorption through human as compared to rat skin varied between 1:3 to approx. 1:65 during the first 15 minutes.
Any other information on results incl. tables
For all applications, 1,2-dichloroethane absorption was faster through rat epidermis than through human epidermis by factors varying from about 3 to 65 times, depending on the application.
The 1000 μg/mL occluded aqueous applications were made under conditions which provided an infinite dose and avoided losses of 1,2-dichloroethane by evaporation, thus enabling the direct comparison of 1,2-dichloroethane absorption through human and rat epidermis with the absorption of other chemicals which have been assessed under similar conditions (Dugard and Scott, 1984). The absorption of 1,2-dichloroethane through epidermal membranes from both species was fastest during the very early period of exposure and had virtually ceased by 1 hour after application. The reduction in absorption rate occurred in both species when the amount of 1,2-dichloroethane absorbed had reached 20-25 μg/cm² (i.e. approximately 10 % of the amount applied), however, this value was reached earlier with rat epidermis (0.25 hour) than with human epidermis (1 hour). The rate of 1,2-dichloroethane absorption from this application during the first 0.25 hour was only 3 times faster through rat epidermis (absorption rate = 78.4 μg/cm²/hr permeability coefficient (Kp) = 0.078 cm/hr) than through human epidermis (absorption rate = 25.8 μg/cm²/hr; Kp = 0.026 cm/hr). These rates were considered to indicate that, intrinsically, rat and human epidermis have a similar permeability to 1,2-dichloroethane.
For all the neat unoccluded applications, except the 100 μL/cm² application to human epidermis, the applied 1,2-dichloroethane had evaporated from the skin surface before the time of the first sample (0.25 hour after addition). The 100 μL/cm² application to human epidermis was the only neat application to display an increased 1,2-dichloroethane absorption rate after 0.25 hour (106-205 μg/cm²/hr). Although the applied 1,2-dichloroethane evaporated faster from the rat epidermis, possibly due to the increased surface area afforded by the fur "stubble", the 1,2-dichloroethane absorption rate during the first 0.25 hour increased almost proportionately with increasing amounts applied. Absorption had virtually ceased by 0.25 hour for all applications.
Absorption of neat 1,2-dichloroethane through human epidermis during the first 0.25 hour of exposure was similar for all applications (82-106 μg/cm²/hr); thus, increasing the dose did not affect the absorption rate. The rate of absorption at later times did not decrease as rapidly as was seen with rat epidermis, but continued until approximately 1 hour after application. The difference between absorption through rat and human epidermis from the 5 μL/cm² application (4-1) was similar to the difference measured from the aqueous application (3-1). For the other neat applications the factors of difference were greater, varying between 10 and 65 times, dependent on the volume applied.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Consideration of these results and observations suggested that neat 1,2-dichloroethane formed a reservoir in human epidermis, allowing fairly rapid absorption to continue for a very short time after the applied 1,2-dichloroethane has evaporated. With rat epidermis, however, little or no such reservoir was built up and absorption rapidly decreased after the application evaporated.
- Executive summary:
Human and rat epidermal membranes were prepared from whole skin samples and mounted in glass diffusion cells in order to assess in vitro absorption rates of 1,2 dichloroethane. Neat applications (5, 10, 25 and 100 µL/cm²) were left uncovered after application, while the aqueous application (200 µL/cm²) was occluded throughout the entire exposure period. The data obtained from the applications of the aqueous 1,2 -dichloroethane solution showed that intrinsic permeability of human and rat epidermis to 1,2-dichloroethane was similar. From the neat material, 1,2 -dichloroethane absorption through human epidermis was consistently over-estimated by rat epidermis. The absorption of 1,2-dichloroethane from the neat material through rat epidermis was dependent upon the dose applied. 1,2 -dichloroethane absorption through human epidermis was not affected by varying the applied dose of neat material. The data obtained in this study indicated that 1,2 -dichloroethane absorption through human and rat epidermis was relatively fast.
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