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Particle size distribution (Granulometry)

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Endpoint:
particle size distribution (granulometry)
Remarks:
Dustiness
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
guideline study
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
DIN 55992-1 (Determination of a parameter for the dust formation of pigments and extenders - Part 1: Rotation method)
Version / remarks:
2006
Deviations:
yes
Remarks:
The Heubach dust meter was connected to a seven stage cascade impactor.
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
other: other: DIN EN 481
Principles of method if other than guideline:
The Heubach dust meter is modified in a way that a seven stage cascade impactor is connected to the system. This involves an additional air fed of 20L/min via the coarse dust seperator needed to supply the cascade impactor with 40L/min air current as specified in the manufacturer's specifications.

The calculation report: EBRC (2022)
The Multiple-Path Particle Dosimetry Model (MPPD, v3.01; ARA (2015)) was used to predict this fractional deposition behaviour for workers.
The model algorithms calculate the deposition (and clearance) of mono-disperse and polydisperse aerosols in the respiratory tract for particles ranging from ultra-fine (0.01 microns) to coarse (20 microns) sizes. Within each airway, the deposition is calculated using theoretically derived efficiencies for deposition by diffusion, sedimentation and impaction within the airway or airway bifurcation. Filtration of aerosols by the head is determined using empirical efficiency functions.
GLP compliance:
no
Type of method:
rotating drum method
Remarks:
The Heubach dust meter was connected to a seven-stage cascade impactor.
Type of particle tested:
primary particle
Type of distribution:
volumetric distribution
Specific details on test material used for the study:
Substance density: 4.0312 ± 0.0025 g/cm³ (determined by DMT)
Substance humidity: 0.04 % (determined by DMT)
Mass median aerodynamic diameter:
21.5 µm
Geometric standard deviation:
2.5
Remarks on result:
other: P50 MMAD and P50 GSD
Remarks on result:
not measured/tested

Total dustiness (airborne fraction): 61.12 mg/g.


 


In the original study report by DMT, a calculation of the mass median diameter was not conducted. Since the deposited fractions were provided for each of the cascade impactor stages, it was possible to fit a monomodal lognormal distribution to the data by standard non-linear regression procedure. As a result, the MMAD and GSD are calculable and reported P50 MMAD = 21.50 µm, GSD = 2.50.


As the cascade impactor already takes aerodynamic characteristics of the particles into account, the reported mass median diameter can be interpreted as the mass median aerodynamic diameter.


 


This figure and the corresponding GSD were used as distribution parameters for the MPPD model enabling an estimation of deposited dust fractions in the human respiratory tract: These fractions were estimated as follows:


Head (ET): 55.29 %


Tracheobronchial (TB): 0.48%


Pulmonary (PU): 0.66 %

Conclusions:
Total Dustiness (airborne fraction): 61.12 mg/g (experimental results, DMT Report).

Mass median aerodynamic diameter of airborne fraction: P50 MMAD= 21.50 µm (distribution fitted to cascade impactor data). Geometric standard deviation of P50 MMAD: P50 GSD= 2.50

Fractional deposition in human respiratory tract (MPPD model, based on calculated MMAD):
Head (ET): 55.29 %
Tracheobronchial (TB): 0.48 %
Pulmonary (PU): 0.66 %
Endpoint:
particle size distribution (granulometry)
Remarks:
Dustiness
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
guideline study
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
DIN 55992-1 (Determination of a parameter for the dust formation of pigments and extenders - Part 1: Rotation method)
Version / remarks:
2006
Deviations:
yes
Remarks:
The Heubach dust meter was connected to a seven stage cascade impactor.
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
other: other: DIN EN 481
Principles of method if other than guideline:
The Heubach dust meter is modified in a way that a seven stage cascade impactor is connected to the system. This involves an additional air fed of 20L/min via the coarse dust seperator needed to supply the cascade impactor with 40L/min air current as specified in the manufacturer's specifications.

The calculation report: EBRC (2022)
The Multiple-Path Particle Dosimetry Model (MPPD, v3.01; ARA (2015)) was used to predict this fractional deposition behaviour for workers.
The model algorithms calculate the deposition (and clearance) of mono-disperse and polydisperse aerosols in the respiratory tract for particles ranging from ultra-fine (0.01 microns) to coarse (20 microns) sizes. Within each airway, the deposition is calculated using theoretically derived efficiencies for deposition by diffusion, sedimentation and impaction within the airway or airway bifurcation. Filtration of aerosols by the head is determined using empirical efficiency functions.
GLP compliance:
no
Type of method:
rotating drum method
Remarks:
The Heubach dust meter was connected to a seven-stage cascade impactor.
Type of particle tested:
primary particle
Type of distribution:
volumetric distribution
Specific details on test material used for the study:
Substance density: 3.4701 ± 0.0011 g/cm³ (determined by DMT)
Substance humidity: 0.01 % (determined by DMT)
Mass median aerodynamic diameter:
28.14 µm
Geometric standard deviation:
1.56
Remarks on result:
other: P50 MMAD and P50 GSD
Remarks on result:
not measured/tested

Total dustiness (airborne fraction): 8.67 mg/g.


 


In the original study report by DMT, a calculation of the mass median diameter was not conducted. Since the deposited fractions were provided for each of the cascade impactor stages, it was possible to fit a monomodal lognormal distribution to the data by standard non-linear regression procedure. As a result, the MMAD and GSD are calculable and reported P50 MMAD = 28.14 µm, GSD = 1.56.


As the cascade impactor already takes aerodynamic characteristics of the particles into account, the reported mass median diameter can be interpreted as the mass median aerodynamic diameter.


 


This figure and the corresponding GSD were used as distribution parameters for the MPPD model enabling an estimation of deposited dust fractions in the human respiratory tract: These fractions were estimated as follows:


Head (ET): 48.59 %


Tracheobronchial (TB): 0.06%


Pulmonary (PU): 0.01 %

Conclusions:
Total Dustiness (airborne fraction): 8.67 mg/g (experimental results, DMT Report).

Mass median aerodynamic diameter of airborne fraction: P50 MMAD= 28.14 µm (distribution fitted to cascade impactor data). Geometric standard deviation of P50 MMAD: P50 GSD= 1.56

Fractional deposition in human respiratory tract (MPPD model, based on calculated MMAD):
Head (ET): 48.59 %
Tracheobronchial (TB): 0.06 %
Pulmonary (PU): 0.01 %
Endpoint:
particle size distribution (granulometry)
Remarks:
Dustiness
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
guideline study
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
DIN 55992-1 (Determination of a parameter for the dust formation of pigments and extenders - Part 1: Rotation method)
Version / remarks:
2006
Deviations:
yes
Remarks:
The Heubach dust meter was connected to a seven stage cascade impactor.
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
other: other: DIN EN 481
Principles of method if other than guideline:
The Heubach dust meter is modified in a way that a seven stage cascade impactor is connected to the system. This involves an additional air fed of 20L/min via the coarse dust seperator needed to supply the cascade impactor with 40L/min air current as specified in the manufacturer's specifications.

The calculation report: EBRC (2022)
The Multiple-Path Particle Dosimetry Model (MPPD, v3.01; ARA (2015)) was used to predict this fractional deposition behaviour for workers.
The model algorithms calculate the deposition (and clearance) of mono-disperse and polydisperse aerosols in the respiratory tract for particles ranging from ultra-fine (0.01 microns) to coarse (20 microns) sizes. Within each airway, the deposition is calculated using theoretically derived efficiencies for deposition by diffusion, sedimentation and impaction within the airway or airway bifurcation. Filtration of aerosols by the head is determined using empirical efficiency functions.
GLP compliance:
no
Type of method:
rotating drum method
Remarks:
The Heubach dust meter was connected to a seven-stage cascade impactor.
Type of particle tested:
primary particle
Type of distribution:
volumetric distribution
Specific details on test material used for the study:
Substance density: 4.31 g/cm³ (determined by DMT)
Substance humidity: 0.13 % (determined by DMT)
Mass median aerodynamic diameter:
25.38 µm
Geometric standard deviation:
1.54
Remarks on result:
other: P50 MMAD and P50 GSD
Remarks on result:
not measured/tested

Total dustiness (airborne fraction): 3.67 mg/g.


 


In the original study report by DMT, a calculation of the mass median diameter was not conducted. Since the deposited fractions were provided for each of the cascade impactor stages, it was possible to fit a monomodal lognormal distribution to the data by standard non-linear regression procedure. As a result, the MMAD and GSD are calculable and reported P50 MMAD = 25.38 µm, GSD = 1.54.


As the cascade impactor already takes aerodynamic characteristics of the particles into account, the reported mass median diameter can be interpreted as the mass median aerodynamic diameter.


 


This figure and the corresponding GSD were used as distribution parameters for the MPPD model enabling an estimation of deposited dust fractions in the human respiratory tract: These fractions were estimated as follows:


Head (ET): 53.60 %


Tracheobronchial (TB): 0.08%


Pulmonary (PU): 0.01 %

Conclusions:
Total Dustiness (airborne fraction): 3.67 mg/g (experimental results, DMT Report).

Mass median aerodynamic diameter of airborne fraction: P50 MMAD= 25.38 µm (distribution fitted to cascade impactor data). Geometric standard deviation of P50 MMAD: P50 GSD= 1.54

Fractional deposition in human respiratory tract (MPPD model, based on calculated MMAD):
Head (ET): 53.60 %
Tracheobronchial (TB): 0.08 %
Pulmonary (PU): 0.01 %
Endpoint:
particle size distribution (granulometry)
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: Well documented study performed according to EU acceptable method
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
reference to same study
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 110 (Particle Size Distribution / Fibre Length and Diameter Distributions)
GLP compliance:
no
Other quality assurance:
other: Outotec Research Oy has a certified Quality system ISO 9001:2000, Environmental system ISO14001 and Occupational Health and Safety system ISO18001 and Laboratory accreditation according to ISO/IEC 17025
Type of method:
sieving
Type of distribution:
counted distribution
Key result
Percentile:
D50
Mean:
>= 741 - <= 2 426 µm
Remarks on result:
other: Granules
Key result
Percentile:
D50
Mean:
>= 1 316 - <= 2 029 µm
Remarks on result:
other: Massive (stones)
Key result
Percentile:
D50
Mean:
>= 30 - <= 79 µm
Remarks on result:
other: Powder/fines

Sample

Slag

Slag

Slag

Slag

 

 

 

 

Slag

Slag

Slag

Slag

Slag

Slag

Slag

Slag

Outotec code

09TT02641

09TT02988

09TT03512

09TT05246

 

 

 

 

09TT02986

09TT02987

09TT03177

09TT03821

09TT03989

09TT05245

09TT03503

09TT03181

Granulometry

Granular

Granular

Granular

Granular

 

 

 

 

Granular

Powder

Granular

Granular

Powder

Stones

Stones

Stones

D80, µm

2168

>3360

1284

1975

 

 

 

 

2030

>106

1436

2289

71

2101

>2380

2023

D50, µm

1390

2426

741

1125

 

 

 

 

1051

79

947

1189

30

1316

2029

1421

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Particle size distribution, granulated slags

Sample

 

09TT02641

 

09TT02988

 

09TT03512

 

09TT05246

 

09TT02986

 

09TT03177

 

09TT03821

 

Size

 

Retained

 

Retained

 

Retained

 

Retained

 

Retained

 

Retained

 

Retained

 

mesh

 mm

g

%

g

%

g

%

g

%

g

%

g

%

g

%

6

3.360

 

 

24.50

25.79

 

 

1.47

1.10

 

 

 

 

 

 

8

2.380

14.39

11.69

24.10

25.37

1.59

1.28

8.75

6.54

14.50

11.66

1.37

0.76

21.32

17.73

16

1.190

56.45

45.88

30.30

31.89

25.7

20.77

51.07

38.18

38.60

31.03

45.94

25.40

38.73

32.21

20

0.841

23.34

18.97

8.30

8.74

24

19.39

28.36

21.20

22.60

18.17

59.76

33.04

24.07

20.02

30

0.595

16.66

13.54

4.90

5.16

25.3

20.44

21.79

16.29

21.70

17.44

43.21

23.89

20.12

16.73

40

0.420

6.59

5.36

1.80

1.89

17.63

14.25

10.62

7.94

14.30

11.50

18.58

10.27

8.11

6.74

50

0.297

0.09

0.07

0.50

0.53

9.8

7.92

5.26

3.93

6.80

5.47

7.44

4.11

3.42

2.84

100

0.149

 

 

0.60

0.63

 

 

6.44

4.81

4.20

3.38

 

 

 

 

140

0.106

4.89

3.97

 

 

14.36

11.60

 

 

0.60

0.48

4.28

2.37

3.21

2.67

200

0.075

0.16

0.13

 

 

1.78

1.44

 

 

1.10

0.88

0.30

0.17

0.35

0.29

270

0.053

 

 

 

 

3.59

2.90

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

325

0.045

0.29

0.24

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0.31

0.26

 

0.020

0.18

0.15

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0.37

0.31

 

-0.020

0.01

0.01

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0.24

0.20

Sum

 

123.05

100.00

95.00

100.00

123.75

100

133.76

100

124.40

100.00

180.88

100.00

120.25

100

Particle size distribution, slag stones                                                                  

                                                              

Sample

 

09TT05245

 

09TT03503

 

09TT03181

 

 Size

 

Retained

 

Retained

 

Retained

 

 

                            mesh

 mm

g

%

g

%

g

%

 

6

3.360

1.25

0.90

 

 

 

 

 

8

2.380

11.66

8.42

55.59

41.74

0.80

0.65

 

16

1.190

62.97

45.47

37.68

28.29

73.30

59.89

 

20

0.841

17.31

12.50

9.08

6.82

12.50

10.21

 

30

0.595

12.84

9.27

7.72

5.80

8.80

7.19

 

40

0.420

32.46

23.44

5.43

4.08

6.60

5.39

 

50

0.297

 

 

3.75

2.82

4.70

3.84

 

100

0.149

 

 

7.39

5.55

 

 

 

140

0.106

 

 

6.34

4.91

8.70

7.11

 

200

0.075

 

 

 

 

1.10

0.90

 

270

-0.075

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

325

0.045

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0.020

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-0.020

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sum

 

138.49

100

133.18

100.00

122.40

100.00

 

Particle size distribution, slag fines

 

Sample

 

09TT03989

 

09TT02987

 

Size

 

Retained

 

Retained

 

mesh

 mm

g

%

g

%

100

 

 

 

 

 

140

0.106

6.62

5.35

42.30

34.42

200

0.075

15.07

12.18

22.40

18.23

270

-0.075

 

 

15.00

12.21

325

0.045

25.4

20.53

4.70

3.82

 

0.020

26.54

21.45

17.80

14.48

 

-0.020

50.12

40.50

20.70

16.84

Sum

 

123.75

100

122.90

100.00
Conclusions:
Copper slags are presented in the form of granules, massive(stones) or powder.

Partcle size distribution was determined for the three different forms of slag.

Granules and powders were tested in their original partcile size as placed on the market. Stones were crushed to less than 5 mm before testing

D50 of parcle size for the slag granules is measured in the range of 741 - 2426 µm
D50 of parcle size for the slag stones is measured in the range of 1316 - 2029 µm
D50 of parcle size for the slag fines is measured in the range of 30 - 70 µm
Executive summary:

Copper slags are presented in the form of granules, massive(stones) or powder.

Particle size distribution was determined for the three different forms of slag.

Granules and powders were tested in their original particle size as placed on the market. Stones were crushed to less than 5 mm before testing

D50 of particle size for the slag granules is measured in the range of 741 - 2426 µm

D50 of particle size for the slag stones is measured in the range of 1316 - 2029 µm

D50 of particle size for the slag fines is measured in the range of 30 - 70 µm

Description of key information

Partcle size distribution was determined for the three different forms of slag (granules, massive(stones) or powder):


D50 of parcle size for the slag granules is measured in the range of 741 - 2426 µm
D50 of parcle size for the slag stones is measured in the range of 1316 - 2029 µm
D50 of parcle size for the slag fines is measured in the range of 30 - 70 µm


 


The dustiness was determined from three copper slags (Copper slag 5, Copper slag 6 and 9):


Copper slag 5:


Total Dustiness (airborne fraction): 3.67 mg/g


MMAD= 25.38 µm, GSD= 1.54


Head (ET): 53.60 %
Tracheobronchial (TB): 0.08 %
Pulmonary (PU): 0.01 %


Copper slag 6:


Total Dustiness (airborne fraction): 8.67 mg/g


MMAD= 28.14 µm,  GSD= 1.56


Head (ET): 48.59 %
Tracheobronchial (TB): 0.06 %
Pulmonary (PU): 0.01 %


Copper slag 9:


Total Dustiness (airborne fraction): 61.12 mg/g


MMAD= 21.50 µm, GSD= 2.50


Head (ET): 55.29 %
Tracheobronchial (TB): 0.48 %
Pulmonary (PU): 0.66 %

Additional information

Partcle size distribution


Copper slags are presented in the form of granules, massive(stones) or powder.


Partcle size distribution was determined for the three different forms of slag.


Granules and powders were tested in their original partcile size as placed on the market. Stones were crushed to less than 5 mm before testing


D50 of parcle size for the slag granules is measured in the range of 741 - 2426 µm
D50 of parcle size for the slag stones is measured in the range of 1316 - 2029 µm
D50 of parcle size for the slag fines is measured in the range of 30 - 70 µm


 


Dustiness


Copper slag 5: Total Dustiness (airborne fraction): 3.67 mg/g (experimental results, DMT Report).


Mass median aerodynamic diameter of airborne fraction: P50 MMAD= 25.38 µm (distribution fitted to cascade impactor data). Geometric standard deviation of P50 MMAD: P50 GSD= 1.54


Fractional deposition in human respiratory tract (MPPD model, based on calculated MMAD):
Head (ET): 53.60 %
Tracheobronchial (TB): 0.08 %
Pulmonary (PU): 0.01 %


Copper slag 6: Total Dustiness (airborne fraction): 8.67 mg/g (experimental results, DMT Report).


Mass median aerodynamic diameter of airborne fraction: P50 MMAD= 28.14 µm (distribution fitted to cascade impactor data). Geometric standard deviation of P50 MMAD: P50 GSD= 1.56


Fractional deposition in human respiratory tract (MPPD model, based on calculated MMAD):
Head (ET): 48.59 %
Tracheobronchial (TB): 0.06 %
Pulmonary (PU): 0.01 %


Copper slag 9: Total Dustiness (airborne fraction): 61.12 mg/g (experimental results, DMT Report).


Mass median aerodynamic diameter of airborne fraction: P50 MMAD= 21.50 µm (distribution fitted to cascade impactor data). Geometric standard deviation of P50 MMAD: P50 GSD= 2.50


Fractional deposition in human respiratory tract (MPPD model, based on calculated MMAD):
Head (ET): 55.29 %
Tracheobronchial (TB): 0.48 %
Pulmonary (PU): 0.66 %